HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission in Brazil (1994\u20132016): a time series modeling

HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission (HIV-1 MTCT), is an important cause of children mortality worldwide. Brazil has been traditionally praised by its HIV/Aids program, which provides free-of-charge care for people living with HIV-1. Using public epidemiology and demographic databases, we aimed at modeling HIV-1 MTCT prevalence in Brazil through the years (1994\u20132016) and elaborate a statistical model for forecasting, contributing to HIV-1 epidemiologic surveillance and healthcare decision-making. We downloaded sets of live births and mothers\u2019 data alongside HIV-1 cases notification in children one year old or less. Through time series modeling, we estimated prevalence along the years in Brazil, and observed a remarkable decrease of HIV-1 MTCT between 1994 (10 cases per 100,000 live births) and 2016 (five cases per 100,000 live births), a reduction of 50%. Using our model, we elaborated a prognosis for each Brazilian state to help HIV-1 surveillance decision making, indicating which states are in theory in risk of experiencing a rise in HIV-1 MTCT prevalence. Ten states had good (37%), nine had mild (33%), and eight had poor prognostics (30%). Stratifying the prognostics by Brazilian region, we observed that the Northeast region had more states with poor prognosis, followed by North and Midwest, Southeast and South with one state of poor prognosis each. Brazil undoubtedly advanced in the fight against HIV-1 MTCT in the past two decades. We hope our model will help indicating where HIV-1 MTCT prevalence may rise in the future and support government decision makers regarding HIV-1 surveillance and prevention

Neem Oil And Crop Protection: From Now To The Future

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)A major challenge of agriculture is to increase food production to meet the needs of the growing world population, without damaging the environment. In current agricultural practices, the control of pests is often accomplished by means of the excessive use of agrochemicals, which can result in environmental pollution and the development of resistant pests. In this context, biopesticides can offer a better alternative to synthetic pesticides, enabling safer control of pest populations. However, limitations of biopesticides, including short shelf life, photosensitivity, and volatilization, make it difficult to use them on a large scale. Here, we review the potential use of neem oil in crop protection, considering the gaps and obstacles associated with the development of sustainable agriculture in the not too distant future.7Sao Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP) [2014/20273-4, 2013/12322-2, 2014/20286-9, 2015/15617-9, 2015/17120-4]Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Geochemistry of the Rio Espinharas hybrid complex, northeastern Brazil

The Rio Espinharas pluton, northeastern Brazil, belongs to the shoshonitic series and consists mainly of syenogranite, quartz-monzonite and porphyritic quartz-monzonite, but diorite, quartz-monzodiorite, quartz-syenite and microsyenogranite also occur containing microgranular enclaves, except for the diorite. Most variation diagrams of rocks, amphiboles, biotites and allanites show linear trends, but K, Zr, Sr and Ba of rocks display curved scattered trends. The rocks ranging from diorite to syenogranite define a pseudo-errorchron and have similar REE patterns. Syenogranite and microsyenogranite are derived from two distinct pulses of granite magma with initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7083±0.0003 and 0.7104±0.0007, respectively. Modelling of major and trace elements shows that the syenogranite evolved by fractional crystallization of plagioclase, microcline, edenite, biotite and titanite, whereas quartz-monzonite, porphyritic quartz-monzonite, quartz-monzodiorite and quartz-syenite resulted from simple mixing between an upper mantle-derived dioritic magma and the upper crust-derived syenogranite magma. Dioritic enclaves are globules of a mafic magma from the upper mantle.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6J-46X86NR-5/1/0e5ce1dcc0c8fe91ebd680e6f2ac523

Behavioral types in programming languages

A recent trend in programming language research is to use behav- ioral type theory to ensure various correctness properties of large- scale, communication-intensive systems. Behavioral types encompass concepts such as interfaces, communication protocols, contracts, and choreography. The successful application of behavioral types requires a solid understanding of several practical aspects, from their represen- tation in a concrete programming language, to their integration with other programming constructs such as methods and functions, to de- sign and monitoring methodologies that take behaviors into account. This survey provides an overview of the state of the art of these aspects, which we summarize as the pragmatics of behavioral types

Caracterização fisico-química do leite cabras f1 (Saanen x Boer) durante a lactação

O valor nutritivo do leite, qualquer que seja a espécie que o produza é amplamente conhecido e a sua importância como alimento é maior em países subdesenvolvidos, em que as deficiências nutricionais são mais graves (DEVENDRA, 1990). Entretanto, a crescente elevação da produção leiteira tem acarretado o aumento na prevalência e na severidade das mastites e de outras doenças do úbere que ocasionam prejuízos ao criador e riscos para a saúde pública (PESSÔA, et al., 1999). São diversos os fatores que determinam a composição do leite, tais com: espécie que o produz, raça, alimentação, período de lactação, idade do animal, época do ano e a quantidade de leite produzido (FURTADO & WOLFSCHOON ? POMBO, 1978). O leite de cabra possui propriedades físicas, químicas e nutricionais particulares, e diversos autores relatam variações na sua composição físico-química (FURTADO & WOLFSCHOON ? POMBO, 1978; PRATA et al.,1998; CASTRO et al.,2002). Diante disso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi o de avaliar as características físico-químicas do leite de cabras F1 (Saanen x Boer) durante o período de lactação e determinar os valores de acidez titulável, densidade, crioscopia, teor de gordura e extrato seco total (EST) e desengordurado (ESD)