A cidade de São Paulo e a era dos melhoramentos materiaes: Obras públicas e arquitetura vistas por meio de fotografias de autoria de Militão Augusto de Azevedo, datadas do período 1862-1863

The first photographs of São Paulo, taken by Militão Augusto de Azevedo between 1862 and 1863, are always cited as documentary evidence of the city's backwardness, deterioration, and lethargy in the mid 19th century. However, our view is that things were quite different, based on a reading of prime sources dating back to that period. In fact, the architecture and urban spaces of São Paulo already showed clear signs of modernization between the years 1850 and 1860, as depicted in Azevedo's photographs, which belong to the collection of Paulista Museum and also of the Iconography and Museums Division of the São Paulo Heritage Department.Tomadas entre os anos de 1862 e 1863, as primeiras fotos paulistanas de autoria de Militão Augusto de Azevedo são sempre evocadas por documentarem a vetustez, a precariedade e a letargia da cidade de São Paulo dos meados do século XIX. Nossa interpretação, no entanto, baseada na leitura de fontes primárias da época, propõe um sentido substancialmente oposto a esse. Entre os anos de 1850 e 1860, a arquitetura e os espaços urbanos de São Paulo já apresentavam significativas modernizações, que aparecem nas fotografias de Militão de Azevedo, hoje pertencentes ao acervo do Museu Paulista e também da Divisão de Iconografia e Museus, do Departamento do Patrimônio Histórico paulistano

Nos caminhos da Luz, antigos palacetes da elite paulistana

O presente artigo dedica-se a recuperar a memória de antigos palacetes erguidos nas proximidades da Estação da Luz a partir do início da segunda metade do século XIX. Foi por essa época que a região se tornou o primeiro bairro residencial de elite da cidade de São Paulo, concentrando palacetes que expressaram elaborações locais de vertentes do Neoclassismo e do Ecletismo arquitetônicos. Pretende-se, assim, abordar os processos de interpretação que caracterizaram essa produção arquitetônica.The present article is dedicated to recover the memory of the old mansions built in the region of Luz Railway Station, from the beginning of the second half of the 19th Century onwards. It was around that time that the region became São Paulo elite's first residential neighbourhood, concentrating mansions that expressed the local elaborations of architectural Neo-classicism and Eclecticism. One intends to approach the interpretation processes that characterised such architectural production

Chalés paulistanos

This article studies the origins, flourishment and decadence of a certain style of building, known as swiss cottages or chalets, in the urban environment of Sao Paulo. Its source is found in 19th century romanticism and in the last quarter of the eighteen hundreds this kind of construction was very popular. At this time it had taken on a high symbolic value - although of an ambiguous nature - for it was both intimately associated to an idealization of country life and to technological modernity, which was then being ushered in the city of Sao Paulo. It became very popular on account of the availability of industrialized construction material for importation and it expanded during a construction boom that attained the city of Sao Paulo, after 1875. On the downfall of Brazilian monarchy, it gradually disappeared, as it became the object of restrictive measures from the local county, which considered its proliferation unruly. From the beginning of the XXth century, there was a change in public taste and urban reforms were implemented in downtown Sao Paulo (1902 to 1914), which was followed by a desire for a new urban scene, more in touch with the system of values and interests of hegemonic sectors of the local political elite.O presente artigo estuda a origem, o desenvolvimento e a decadência, no ambiente urbano paulistano, de um tipo de construção denominado chalé. Fruto do Romantismo do século XIX, e muito popular no último terço do oitocentismo, o chalé assumiu alto valor simbólico - embora de significado ambíguo -, por estar ligado tanto à noção de uma idealizada vida campestre, quanto à de modernidade técnica, que então se introduzia em São Paulo. Popularizou-se em razão da facilidade de importação de material de construção industrializado e expandiu-se durante a onda construtiva que atingiu a capital paulista a partir do ano de 1875. Em fins do Império, foi objeto de medidas restritivas municipais por ter sido considerada desregrada sua proliferação no espaço urbano da cidade. E, a partir do começo do século XX, a transformação do gosto, as reformas urbanísticas então encetadas no Centro paulistano (1902-1914) e o desejo de construir um novo cenário urbano segundo o sistema de valores e os interesses das camadas hegemônicas contribuíram para o seu gradativo desaparecimento

Population-based seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and the herd immunity threshold in Maranhão

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: A population-based household survey was performed, from July 27, 2020 to August 8, 2020. The estimates considered clustering, stratification and non-response. Qualitative detection of IgM and IgG antibodies was performed in a fully-automated Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 electrochemiluminescence immunoassay on the Cobas® e601 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics). RESULTS: In total, 3,156 individuals were interviewed. Seroprevalence of total antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was 40.4% (95%CI 35.6-45.3). Population adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions was higher at the beginning of the pandemic than in the last month. SARS-CoV-2 infection rates were significantly lower among mask wearers and among those who maintained social and physical distancing in the last month compared to their counterparts. Among the infected, 26.0% were asymptomatic. The infection fatality rate (IFR) was 0.14%, higher for men and older adults. The IFR based on excess deaths was 0.28%. The ratio of estimated infections to reported cases was 22.2. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 estimated in this population-based survey is one of the highest reported. The local herd immunity threshold may have been reached or might be reached soon.OBJECTIVE: To estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: A population-based household survey was performed, from July 27, 2020 to August 8, 2020. The estimates considered clustering, stratification and non-response. Qualitative detection of IgM and IgG antibodies was performed in a fully-automated Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 electrochemiluminescence immunoassay on the Cobas® e601 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics). RESULTS: In total, 3,156 individuals were interviewed. Seroprevalence of total antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was 40.4% (95%CI 35.6-45.3). Population adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions was higher at the beginning of the pandemic than in the last month. SARS-CoV-2 infection rates were significantly lower among mask wearers and among those who maintained social and physical distancing in the last month compared to their counterparts. Among the infected, 26.0% were asymptomatic. The infection fatality rate (IFR) was 0.14%, higher for men and older adults. The IFR based on excess deaths was 0.28%. The ratio of estimated infections to reported cases was 22.2. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 estimated in this population-based survey is one of the highest reported. The local herd immunity threshold may have been reached or might be reached soon

Nos caminhos da Luz, antigos palacetes da elite paulistana

The present article is dedicated to recover the memory of the old mansions built in\ud the region of Luz Railway Station, from the beginning of the second half of the 19th Century\ud onwards. It was around that time that the region became São Paulo elites first residential\ud neighbourhood, concentrating mansions that expressed the local elaborations of architectural\ud Neo-classicism and Eclecticism. One intends to approach the interpretation processes that\ud characterised such architectural production

O Engenheiro Eusébio Stevaux e a Arquitetura Oficial Paulista, 1877-1885

This article aims to recover the figure and work of a French engineer who worked in the city of São Paulo in the last thirty years of the last century. Before Ramos de Azevedo, it was him who completely dominated, for a certain period of time, the official architeture implemented in the city of São Paulo, reaching from this point of view the condition of precursor of the famous paulista engineerNesse artigo procura-se recuperar a figura e a obra de um engenheiro francês atuante na capital no último terço do século passado. Antes de Ramos de Azevedo, foi ele quem dominou completamente, durante certo lapso de tempo, a arquitetura oficial executada na cidade de São Paulo, chegando a atingir, sob esse ponto de vista, a condição de precursor do famoso engenheiro paulist

O Engenheiro Eusébio Stevaux e a Arquitetura Oficial Paulista, 1877-1885

Nesse artigo procura-se recuperar a figura e a obra de um engenheiro francês atuante na capital no último terço do século passado. Antes de Ramos de Azevedo, foi ele quem dominou completamente, durante certo lapso de tempo, a arquitetura oficial executada na cidade de São Paulo, chegando a atingir, sob esse ponto de vista, a condição de precursor do famoso engenheiro paulist