17 research outputs found

    Altered TMPRSS2 usage by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron impacts infectivity and fusogenicity

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    The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant emerged in 20211 and has multiple mutations in its spike protein2. Here we show that the spike protein of Omicron has a higher affinity for ACE2 compared with Delta, and a marked change in its antigenicity increases Omicron’s evasion of therapeutic monoclonal and vaccine-elicited polyclonal neutralizing antibodies after two doses. mRNA vaccination as a third vaccine dose rescues and broadens neutralization. Importantly, the antiviral drugs remdesivir and molnupiravir retain efficacy against Omicron BA.1. Replication was similar for Omicron and Delta virus isolates in human nasal epithelial cultures. However, in lung cells and gut cells, Omicron demonstrated lower replication. Omicron spike protein was less efficiently cleaved compared with Delta. The differences in replication were mapped to the entry efficiency of the virus on the basis of spike-pseudotyped virus assays. The defect in entry of Omicron pseudotyped virus to specific cell types effectively correlated with higher cellular RNA expression of TMPRSS2, and deletion of TMPRSS2 affected Delta entry to a greater extent than Omicron. Furthermore, drug inhibitors targeting specific entry pathways3 demonstrated that the Omicron spike inefficiently uses the cellular protease TMPRSS2, which promotes cell entry through plasma membrane fusion, with greater dependency on cell entry through the endocytic pathway. Consistent with suboptimal S1/S2 cleavage and inability to use TMPRSS2, syncytium formation by the Omicron spike was substantially impaired compared with the Delta spike. The less efficient spike cleavage of Omicron at S1/S2 is associated with a shift in cellular tropism away from TMPRSS2-expressing cells, with implications for altered pathogenesis

    Risk Sensitive Markov Decision Processes

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    This paper summarizes some contributions to the first of these objectives. For linear systems and exponential of the sum of quadratic costs, the problem has been studied by [26] in the fully observed setting. Extensions to the partially observed setting are due to [3] and [34]. A somewhat surprising result is that the conditional distribution of the state given past observations does not constitute an information state. The equivalence, in the large risk limit, to a differential game arising in

    Interpretação e ação coletiva: o “enquadramento interpretativo” no estudo de movimentos sociais

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    O ensaio bibliográfico responde à seguinte pergunta: quais são as contribuições e implicações da incorporação da abordagem de Goffman – e, particularmente, do seu conceito de enquadramento interpretativo – para o estudo da ação coletiva e, mais especificamente, dos movimentos sociais? O foco recai sobre a apresentação e a análise da pertinência e fertilidade dos conceitos de enquadramento interpretativo/molduras interpretativas para a pesquisa empírica sobre movimentos sociais. Para atingir o objetivo indicado acima, o manuscrito se estrutura da seguinte forma: a primeira seção resgata as principais características das formulações originais de Goffman sobre molduras interpretativas; a segunda seção descreve como o conceito de molduras interpretativas foi apropriado por pesquisadores de movimentos sociais; a terceira aborda as principais elaborações teóricas desenvolvidas em torno do conceito de molduras interpretativas na literatura de movimentos sociais; a quarta destaca alguns pontos de crítica a esta abordagem que apontam para futuros desenvolvimentos; por fim, as considerações finais apontam algumas potencialidades analíticas da abordagem das molduras interpretativas para a literatura brasileira de movimentos sociais. O texto conclui que a abordagem dos enquadramentos/molduras interpretativas, central na literatura internacional sobre movimentos sociais, oferece férteis instrumentos teóricos para os pesquisadores brasileiros avançarem na identificação e análise de mecanismos e processos explicativos dos movimentos sociais

    A Review of the Fossil Record of New World Turtles of the Clade Pan-Trionychidae

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    Specimen collection: An essential tool

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    10.1126/science.344.6186.814Science3446186814-815SCIE
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