22 research outputs found
Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling in Pediatric Drug Development, and the Importance of Standardized Scaling of Clearance.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) modeling is important in the design and conduct of clinical pharmacology research in children. During drug development, PKPD modeling and simulation should underpin rational trial design and facilitate extrapolation to investigate efficacy and safety. The application of PKPD modeling to optimize dosing recommendations and therapeutic drug monitoring is also increasing, and PKPD model-based dose individualization will become a core feature of personalized medicine. Following extensive progress on pediatric PK modeling, a greater emphasis now needs to be placed on PD modeling to understand age-related changes in drug effects. This paper discusses the principles of PKPD modeling in the context of pediatric drug development, summarizing how important PK parameters, such as clearance (CL), are scaled with size and age, and highlights a standardized method for CL scaling in children. One standard scaling method would facilitate comparison of PK parameters across multiple studies, thus increasing the utility of existing PK models and facilitating optimal design of new studies
EFEKTIVITAS PENGAWASAN UNIT KERJA ANTI FRAUD PADA BANK MUAMALAT INDONESIA
Perkembangan perbankan syari‟ah di Indonesia demikian pesat yang
ditandai dengan berdirinya Bank Muamalat Indonesia. Perkembangan ini
berimplikasi pada besarnya tantangan perbankan syari‟ah di Indonesia terutama
dalam mempertahankan identitasnya sebagai perusahaan yang bergerak
berlandaskan prinsip-prinsip syari‟ah. Sejak berdirinya perbankan
syariah,berbagai kontroversi muncul dari masyarakat, masalah yang paling
banyak disorot adalah pelekatan label syariah pada institusi keuangan Islam yang
masih dianggap belum layak. Keraguan masyarakat tersebut seolah terjawab
dengan munculnya kasus yang cukup menggemparkan yakni kasus fraud (tindak
kecurangan) yang terjadi di lembaga syariah.
Bank Muamalat Indonesia merupakan bank syari‟ah pertama yang muncul
dengan gagasan bank murni syari‟ah. Akan tetapi, bank Muamalat Indonesia juga
tak luput dari kasus fraud yang dilakukan oleh karyawan bank tersebut.
Berdasarkan Laporan Tahunan BMI menyebutkan bahwa telah terjadi
peningkatan kasus fraud dari tahun sebelumnya yang berjumlah 18 kasus menjadi
82 kasus pada tahun 2016. Padahal perusahaan yang menggunakan identitas
syariah seharusnya dapat lebih meminimalisir bahkan meniadakan resiko
terjadinya kasus fraud dengan adanya internal control perusahaan. Dari latar
belakang tersebut, peneliti berusaha mendalami peran pengawasan Unit Kerja
Anti Fraud dalam fraud preventive pada Bank Muamalat Indonesia. Penelitian ini
merupakan penelitin pustaka yang bersifat deskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan
kualitatif. Adapun sumber bahan hukum primer yang dipakai yaitu berdasarkan
Laporan Tahunan Bank Muamalat Indonesia Tahun 2016. Sedangkan sumber
bahan hukum sekunder berupa buku-buku, jurnal,karya ilmiah, artikel, terkait
dengan strategi anti fraud perbankan syariah.
Dari hasil penelitian dikemukakan bahwa peningkatan kasus fraud yang
terjadi pada Bank Muamalat Indonesia disebabkan kurang efektifnya pengawasan
Unit Kerja Anti Fraud. Hal ini dikarenakan kegiatan yang dilakukan selama tahun
2016 belum menujukkan adanya usaha preventif terhadap kasus fraud. Sedangkan
pencegahan merupakan pilar penting dalam keefektivan sebuah pengawasan.
Tujuan perusahaan dalam mencegah fraud dapat tercapai, jika fungsi pengawasan
dilakukan sebelum terjadinya penyimpangan-penyimpangan sehingga lebih
bersifat mencegah (prefentive control). Oleh karena itu, keefektivan pengawasan
Unit Kerja Anti Fraud diharapkan dapat meminimalisir tindak kecurangan demi
mewujudkan perusahaan yang patuh terhadap ketentuan syariah sesuai dengan
identitas perusahaan.
vii
Usaha pencegahan terjadinya kasus pada Bank Muamalat Indonesia
diharapkan dapat menjadi bukti terlaksananya tatakelola perusahaan (Good
Corporate Governance) pada Bank Syari‟ah dengan baik. Hal ini berdasarkan
dalam dalam perbankan syariah dikenal adanya prinsip-prinsip syariah yang
mendukung bagi terlaksananya prinsip GCG yakni keharusan bagi subjek hukum
termasuk bank untuk menerapkan prinsip kejujuran (shiddiq), edukasi kepada
masyarakat (tabligh), kepercayaan (amanah), dan pengelolaan secara profesional
(fathanah)
Optimal foraging and community structure: implications for a guild of generalist grassland herbivores
A particular linear programming model is constructed to predict the diets of each of 14 species of generalist herbivores at the National Bison Range, Montana. The herbivores have body masses ranging over seven orders of magnitude and belonging to two major taxa: insects and mammals. The linear programming model has three feeding constraints: digestive capacity, feeding time and energy requirements. A foraging strategy that maximizes daily energy intake agrees very well with the observed diets. Body size appears to be an underlying determinant of the foraging parameters leading to diet selection. Species that possess digestive capacity and feeding time constraints which approach each other in magnitude have the most generalized diets. The degree that the linear programming models change their diet predictions with a given percent change in parameter values (sensitivity) may reflect the observed ability of the species to vary their diets. In particular, the species which show the most diet variability are those whose diets tend to be balanced between monocots and dicots. The community-ecological parameters of herbivore body-size ranges and species number can possibly be related to foraging behavior.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47765/1/442_2004_Article_BF00377109.pd
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Shock compaction of high- Tc superconductors
We present the results of shock compaction experiments on high-{Tc} superconductors and describe the way in which shock consolidation addresses critical problems concerning the fabrication of high J{sub c} bulk superconductors. In particular, shock compaction experiments on YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} show that shock-induced defects can greatly increase intragranular critical current densities. The fabrication of crystallographically aligned Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8} samples by shock-compaction is also described. These experiments demonstrate the potential of the shock consolidation method as a means for fabricating bulk high-{Tc} superconductors having high critical current densities
A complex dynamo inferred from the hemispheric dichotomy of Jupiter’s magnetic field
The Juno spacecraft, which is in a polar orbit around Jupiter, is providing direct measurements of the planet’s magnetic field close to its surface. A recent analysis of observations of Jupiter’s magnetic field from eight (of the first nine) Juno orbits has provided a spherical-harmonic reference model (JRM09) of Jupiter’s magnetic field outside the planet. This model is of particular interest for understanding processes in Jupiter’s magnetosphere, but to study the field within the planet and thus the dynamo mechanism that is responsible for generating Jupiter’s main magnetic field, alternative models are preferred. Here we report maps of the magnetic field at a range of depths within Jupiter. We find that Jupiter’s magnetic field is different from all other known planetary magnetic fields. Within Jupiter, most of the flux emerges from the dynamo region in a narrow band in the northern hemisphere, some of which returns through an intense, isolated flux patch near the equator. Elsewhere, the field is much weaker. The non-dipolar part of the field is confined almost entirely to the northern hemisphere, so there the field is strongly non-dipolar and in the southern hemisphere it is predominantly dipolar. We suggest that Jupiter’s dynamo, unlike Earth’s, does not operate in a thick, homogeneous shell, and we propose that this unexpected field morphology arises from radial variations, possibly including layering, in density or electrical conductivity, or both