2,466 research outputs found
Viewpoint on Emv2, the onlhy endogenous ecotropic murine leukemia virus of C57BL/6 mice
Here I comment on the articles by Lee and colleagues (Retrovirology 2011, 8:82) and Lee and Cho (Retrovirology 2012, 9:23) dealing with an endogenous ecotropic mouse leukemia virus found in C57BL mice
Cell proliferation and apoptosis in rat mammary glands following combinational exposure to bisphenol A and genistein
A proposal for ethical research conduct in Madagascar
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The attached file is the published version of the article
Clinical and genetic characterisation of dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophy in a family of Miniature Poodle dogs
Four full-sibling intact male Miniature Poodles were evaluated at 4–19 months of age. One was clinically normal and three were affected. All affected dogs were reluctant to exercise and had generalised muscle atrophy, a stiff gait and a markedly elevated serum creatine kinase activity. Two affected dogs also showed poor development, learning difficulties and episodes of abnormal behaviour. In these two dogs, investigations into forebrain structural and metabolic diseases were unremarkable; electromyography demonstrated fibrillation potentials and complex repetitive discharges in the infraspinatus, supraspinatus and epaxial muscles. Histopathological, immunohistochemical and immunoblotting analyses of muscle biopsies were consistent with dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophy. DNA samples were obtained from all four full-sibling male Poodles, a healthy female littermate and the dam, which was clinically normal. Whole genome sequencing of one affected dog revealed a >5 Mb deletion on the X chromosome, encompassing the entire DMD gene. The exact deletion breakpoints could not be experimentally ascertained, but we confirmed that this region was deleted in all affected males, but not in the unaffected dogs. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed all three affected males were hemizygous for the mutant X chromosome, while the wildtype chromosome was observed in the unaffected male littermate. The female littermate and the dam were both heterozygous for the mutant chromosome. Forty-four Miniature Poodles from the general population were screened for the mutation and were homozygous for the wildtype chromosome. The finding represents a naturally-occurring mutation causing dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophy in the dog
Impacts of climate change on non-native species
Anthropogenic changes to climate and extreme weather events have already led to the introduction of non-native
species (NNS) to the North Atlantic. Regional climate models predict that there will be a continuation of the current
trend of warming throughout the 21st century providing enhanced opportunities for NNS at each stage of the invasion
process.
Increasing evidence is now available to show that climate change has led to the northwards range expansion of a
number of NNS in the UK and Ireland, such as the Asian club tunicate Styela clava and the Pacific oyster Crassostrea
gigas.
Providing definitive evidence though of the direct linkage between climate change and the spread of the majority of
NNS is extremely challenging, due to other confounding factors, such as anthropogenic activity.
Localised patterns of water movement and food supply may also be complicating the overall pattern of northwards
range expansion, by preventing the expansion of some NNS, such as the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata and the
Chilean oyster Ostrea chilensis, from a particular region.
A greater understanding of the other aspects of climate change and increased atmospheric CO2, such as increased
rainfall, heat waves, frequency of storm events, and ocean acidification may aid in increasing the confidence that
scientists have in predicting the long term influence of climate change on the introduction, spread and establishment
of NNS
Viscosity of gums in vitro and their ability to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia in normal subjects
Transit Photometry as an Exoplanet Discovery Method
Photometry with the transit method has arguably been the most successful
exoplanet discovery method to date. A short overview about the rise of that
method to its present status is given. The method's strength is the rich set of
parameters that can be obtained from transiting planets, in particular in
combination with radial velocity observations; the basic principles of these
parameters are given. The method has however also drawbacks, which are the low
probability that transits appear in randomly oriented planet systems, and the
presence of astrophysical phenomena that may mimic transits and give rise to
false detection positives. In the second part we outline the main factors that
determine the design of transit surveys, such as the size of the survey sample,
the temporal coverage, the detection precision, the sample brightness and the
methods to extract transit events from observed light curves. Lastly, an
overview over past, current and future transit surveys is given. For these
surveys we indicate their basic instrument configuration and their planet
catch, including the ranges of planet sizes and stellar magnitudes that were
encountered. Current and future transit detection experiments concentrate
primarily on bright or special targets, and we expect that the transit method
remains a principal driver of exoplanet science, through new discoveries to be
made and through the development of new generations of instruments.Comment: Review chapte
Ethnicity and low wage traps: favouritism, homosocial reproduction and economic marginalization
This article analyses the relationship between cultural difference, social connections and opportunity structures using interview evidence from low-paid workers and managers in local government, the health service, facilities management and housing. Exploring the operation of homosocial reproduction it reveals the double-edged nature of informality and the role of favouritism in particular in perpetuating ethnic advantage and privilege. While demonstrating that uses of homosocial reproduction need to be sensitive to intersections of identities or categories of difference, the article adds further evidence of the persistent gap between equal opportunities policies and practice for ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom labour market. The article concludes that stronger forms of positive action, and even positive discrimination, are needed to address the low pay traps and restricted opportunities of ethnic minority workers
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