The effect of some environmental factors on rapid mass movement in the Hunua Ranges, New Zealand

This paper describes some of the relationships between rapid mass movement and environmental factors in the Hunua Ranges. Extreme climatic events appear to be important in triggering mass movement, while vegetation has a marked effect on mass movement processes and resulting landforms. The main effects of lithology and soils are connected with their influence on site conditions of mass movement. Drainage basin morphometry is affected by the addition of channels produced by mass movement

Chronology of fans and terraces in the Galatea Basin

Air-borne volcanic ash beds are used to date fans and terraces in the Galatea Basin and to outline the depositional history of this part of the Rangitaiki Valley. The basin is interpreted as a fault-angle depression formed by a downwarped sheet of ignimbrite and an upthrusted block of greywacke which forms the Ikawhenua Range. It is from this range that much of the detritus has been derived to fill the basin, deposited mainly in the form of fans and terraces. The larger fans cover a wide area and their surfaces are older than the Rotoma eruption of c. 8000 years B.P. The widespread occurrence of these fans indicates a major erosion interval between c. 11,000 and c. 8,000 years ago. The younger fans are distributed in a particular order with fans of the Pre-Taupo surface north of the Horomanga Stream and those of the Pre- and Post-Kaharoa surfaces south of the same stream. This ordered distribution of the younger fans suggests a climatic control of fan building. Aggradation and degradation phases in the Rangitaiki and Whirinaki Rivers have formed a pronounced meander trough containing terraces of the Pre-Taupo, Pre-Kaharoa, and Post-Kaharoa surfaces. The terrace of the Pre-Kaharoa surface, largely of Taupo Pumice alluvium, is the most common. Degradation, however, is controlled by a local base level at the ignimbrite rapids on the Rangitaiki River just north of the Galatea Basin

Exploration through drawings in the conceptual stages of product design

This paper argues that sequences of exploratory drawings - constructed by designer's movements and decisions - trace systematic and logical paths from ideas to designs. This argument has three parts. First, sequences of exploratory sketches produced by product designers, against the same task specification, are analyzed in terms of the cognitive categories of reinterpretation, emergence and abstraction. Second, a computational model is outlined for the process of exploration through drawing and third the model is applied to elucidate the logic in the sequences of exploratory sketches examined earlier

Influence of Stirrup-Tie Shape on Inelastic Cyclic Response of Flanged Reinforced Concrete Flexural Members

Three reinforced concrete flanged sections (T-sections) having different shapes of shear reinforcement were subjected to cyclic inelastic flexure representative of what framed structure members might-be forced to endure during a severe earthquake. The different types of shear reinforcement consisted of closed hoops and two types of U-shaped stirrups, neither having been supplemented with cap ties. This report documents the experimental work, presents data obtained during tests (including energy dissipation capacities) and discusses the implications of test results on possible changes in reinforcement details for frame structures in seismic regions

A Universal Characterization of the Double Powerlocale

This is a version from 29 Sept 2003 of the paper published under the same name in Theoretical Computer Science 316 (2004) 297{321. The double powerlocale P(X) (found by composing, in either order,the upper and lower powerlocale constructions PU and PL) is shown to be isomorphic in [Locop; Set] to the double exponential SSX where S is the Sierpinski locale. Further PU(X) and PL(X) are shown to be the subobjects P(X) comprising, respectively, the meet semilattice and join semilattice homomorphisms. A key lemma shows that, for any locales X and Y , natural transformations from SX (the presheaf Loc

Shore platforms and mass-movement: A reply

Implicit in Mr Wright's note on shore platforms and mass-movement is a criticism of our findings on the role of mass-movement in shore platform development along the Gisborne coastline, New Zealand (McLean and Davidson, 1968). The lack of explicit criticism makes any reply difficult; we are not rebuked on our own evidence, nor is any fresh evidence presented from the same area to make it necessary for us to change or modify our original views

The role of mass-movement in shore platform development along the Gisborne coastline, New Zealand

Tidal shore platforms form a conspicuous part of the coastal scenery north of Gisborne, New Zealand. Some of these platforms are being extended landward under present-day conditions. Present widening results primarily from cliff-retreat by mass-movement. The coincidence in distribution of areas of wave convergence, mass-movement and shore platforms suggests a genetic connection between these marine and subaerial process and response elements. Various types of mass-movement are involved in cliff-retreat, notably slumps, flows, debris slides and soil and rock falls. While the products of such mass-movement forms are removed by wave action, extensive boulder fields on some shore platforms indicate that removal is not always complete. Not all of the shore platforms on this coast are being widened at present. Widening has ceased where active mass-movement is not occurring

Circular 23

Anchorage and Fairbanks households are an important part of the Alaska market. These two cities are Alaska's largest, including about two-thirds of the total civilian population. -- Households in Anchoraqe and Fairbanks are somewhat larger, their members are younger, have had more schooling, own more appliances, buy more reading materials, and have higher incomes than average households in the South 48. -- Both cities are similar in roost characteristics. Anchorage has slightly more middle-sized families in the middle income bracket. Fairbanks has a few more in both the lowest and highest groupings. Average families are similar in size — 3.7 for Anchorage and 3.5 for Fairbanks. -- Anchorage homemakers have had more schooling than those in Fairbanks, but the difference is not great. Homemakers in both cities have a higher level of schooling than for the nation as a whole. -- Anchorage has more families employed by the government, althouqh government employment is high in both cities. Fairbanks has more employed in trades and construction. Both cities have about the same percentage employed in sales and clerical work, while less than 10 per cent in both cities are employed as laborers. -- Homemakers in both cities have lived in Alaska from 8 to 12 years. Less than 10 p»r cent are Alaska born. Three out of four came to Alaska from a state west of the Mississippi. Fairbanks families have lived in Alaska a little longer than those in Anchorage and a greater proportion plan to make Alaska their permanent home. -- Both Anchorage and Fairbanks households own m ore appliances than is common elsewhere. A greater proportion have T V 's, radios, refrigerators and deep-freezers. In Fairbanks 87 per cent of all families have telephones. -- Most Fairbanks homemakers shop for food specials. Nearly a half reported buying from 50 to 100 per cent of their food at special prices. More than a fourth reported buying from 25 to 50 per cent. -- Anchorage and Fairbanks households have modern buying habits and higher than average incomes. Merchants selling to them must provide quality merchandise and services with modern sales techniques