Acute effects of tumor-promoting phorbol esters on hepatic intermediary metabolism

In hepatocytes isolated from meal-fed rats, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate as well as phorbol 12,13-didecanoate stimulated de novo fatty acid synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate inhibited ketogenesis from exogenous oleate, but slightly enhanced oleate esterification. The stimulation of esterification was more pronounced with endogenously synthesized fatty acids. In hepatocytes from 24h-starved rats a moderate stimulation of gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis was observed with glutamine as substrate. It is concluded that tumor-promoting phorbol esters mimick the short-term effects of insulin on hepatic fatty acid metabolism. PMA, 4β-phorbol, 12β-myristate, 13α-acetate; also known as 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, TPA

Influence of glucagon on the synthesis of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines in monolayer cultures of Rat hepatocytes

Diacylglycerols function as common precursors in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols (TG), phosphatidylcholines (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PE). Several investigators have shown that the distribution of diacylglycerols among TG, PC and PE in rat liver can be influenced by varying the dietary state of the animal. Fasting, for example, causes a drastic inhibition in the formation of hepatic TG whereas the synthesis of PC and, particularly, that of PE are much less affected. These observations suggest that the hormones insulin and glucagon may be involved in the regulation of the biosynthesis of these glycerolipids since the ratio of insulin and glucagon is determined largely by the nutritional state of the animal

State-of-the-art and SWOT analysis of building integrated solar envelope systems:deliverables A.1 and A.2

The present document includes a state-of-the-art review of solar envelope systems that are already on the market or that can potentially reach that stage in a short-medium timeframe. The analysis focuses on the technological integration of such solutions in the envelope and building, but non-technical issues such as aesthetic, architectural integration and customer acceptance are also tackled. The solar envelope systems are classified in: Solar harvesting systems: systems that generate electricity or heat; Solar gains control systems, controlling; Hybrid systems: combination of solar harvesting and solar gains control systems