SMEDT: UN NUEVO MARCO COMPUTACIONAL PARA EL DISEÑO SOSTENIBLE DE MAQUINARIA, CON UN CASO DE ESTUDIO

Los avances en la ingeniería moderna han permitido la consolidación de sistemas computacionales para el diseño óptimo de máquinas, con un proceso que se especifica en la búsqueda de estándares propios del producto a diseñar, a partir de consideraciones funcionales, estéticas y de desempeño, así como también, restricciones dimensionales en cuanto a costos, operaciones de manufactura, sustentabilidad y calidad. En el presente artículo se expone el desarrollo de una herramienta computacional modular, escalable, libre, de fácil mantenimiento e interactiva que soporta la metodología Sustainable Mechanical Design Tool (SMEDT) para el diseño de máquinas de diferente tipo, a partir del uso de dos técnicas de optimización estocástica: Optimización por Enjambre de Partículas (PSO) y Algoritmos Genéticos (GA). El caso de estudio se caracteriza por el diseño de una bomba de pistones axiales con desplazamiento fijo basado en tres parámetros de entrada (rango de presión de operación, rango de velocidad de operación y capacidad volumétrica). Para lograr el diseño sostenible, se hace uso de la metodología y herramienta computacional SMEDT, mediante dos etapas de optimización: la primera enfocada en minimizar el tamaño de la bomba; y la segunda en maximizar la eficiencia volumétrica y disminuir el ruido. Se analizan el algoritmo de optimización y parámetros de entrada para determinar su influencia en el diseño final

Population, Land Use and Deforestation in the Pan Amazon Basin: a Comparison of Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú and Venezuela

This paper discusses the linkages between population change, land use, and deforestation in the Amazon regions of Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, and Venezuela. We begin with a brief discussion of theories of population–environment linkages, and then focus on the case of deforestation in the PanAmazon. The core of the paper reviews available data on deforestation, population growth, migration and land use in order to see how well land cover change reflects demographic and agricultural change. The data indicate that population dynamics and net migration exhibit to deforestation in some states of the basin but not others. We then discuss other explanatory factors for deforestation, and find a close correspondence between land use and deforestation, which suggests that land use is loosely tied to demographic dynamics and mediates the influence of population on deforestation. We also consider national political economic contexts of Amazon change in the six countries, and find contrasting contexts, which also helps to explain the limited demographic-deforestation correspondence. The paper closes by noting general conclusions based on the data, topics in need of further research and recent policy proposals.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42720/1/10668_2003_Article_6977.pd

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Early Life Displacement Due to Armed Conflict and Violence, Early Nutrition, and Older Adult Hypertension, Diabetes, and Obesity in the Middle-Income Country of Colombia

Objective: We examine the importance of early life displacement and nutrition on hypertension (HTN) and diabetes in older Colombian adults (60+ years) exposed to rapid demographic, epidemiological, and nutritional transitions, and armed conflict. We compare early life nutritional status and adult health in other middle- and high-income countries. Method: In Colombia (Survey of Health, Wellbeing and Aging [SABE]-Bogotá), we estimate the effects of early life conditions (displacement due to armed conflict and violence, hunger, low height, and not born in the capital city) and obesity on adult health; we compare the effects of low height on adult health in Mexico, South Africa (Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health [SAGE]), the United States, and England (Health and Retirement Study [HRS], English Longitudinal Study of Ageing [ELSA]). Results: Early life displacement, early poor nutrition, and adult obesity increase the risk of HTN and diabetes in Colombia. Being short is most detrimental for HTN in Colombian males. Discussion: Colombian data provide new evidence into how early life conditions and adult obesity contribute to older adult health. © The Author(s) 2018

Early Life Displacement Due to Armed Conflict and Violence, Early Nutrition, and Older Adult Hypertension, Diabetes, and Obesity in the Middle-Income Country of Colombia

Objective: We examine the importance of early life displacement and nutrition on hypertension (HTN) and diabetes in older Colombian adults (60+ years) exposed to rapid demographic, epidemiological, and nutritional transitions, and armed conflict. We compare early life nutritional status and adult health in other middle- and high-income countries. Method: In Colombia (Survey of Health, Wellbeing and Aging [SABE]-Bogotá), we estimate the effects of early life conditions (displacement due to armed conflict and violence, hunger, low height, and not born in the capital city) and obesity on adult health; we compare the effects of low height on adult health in Mexico, South Africa (Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health [SAGE]), the United States, and England (Health and Retirement Study [HRS], English Longitudinal Study of Ageing [ELSA]). Results: Early life displacement, early poor nutrition, and adult obesity increase the risk of HTN and diabetes in Colombia. Being short is most detrimental for HTN in Colombian males. Discussion: Colombian data provide new evidence into how early life conditions and adult obesity contribute to older adult health. © The Author(s) 2018

Seguridad en el tratamiento de la migraña aguda durante el embarazo: Una revisión sistemática

Background: Migraine is three times more frequent in females than males and is modulated by changes in ovarian hormones throughout different stages of a female's life; migraine thus begins with the onset of menstruation, improves during the second and third trimester of pregnancy and a remission may sometimes be brought about during menopause. Objetive: Evaluating the safety of acute management of migraine during pregnancy. Materials and methods: A systematic review was made of the literature concerning observational analytical studies. A systematic search and selection was made of all analytical studies (cohort studies and cases and controls studies) regarding the acute management of migraine during pregnancy published between January 1966 and September 2007. The search covered the COCHRANE, MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS databases. Data were extracted using the PECOT strategy bearing in mind the intervention strategy, methodological quality and presence of greater or lesser congenital malformations related to the different medicaments used for the acute management of migraine. Results: A total of 389 references were obtained of which 7 articles were selected by title and summary. Four articles complied with the inclusion criteria. No articles were found describing the risk of congenital malformations before being exposed to acetaminophen, anti-inflammatory agents non-steroidal, ergot alkaloids and/ or opioids; just articles related to tryptans (specifically sumatryptan) were found. Conclusions: Only data concerning the risk of congenital malformations arising from sumatryptan use was found regarding all the medicaments used for acute migraine attack, this being insufficient as the information was really poor and the studies had limitations, thereby making it difficult to make statements concerning their safety during pregnancy

Seguridad en el tratamiento de la migraña aguda durante el embarazo: Una revisión sistemática

Background: Migraine is three times more frequent in females than males and is modulated by changes in ovarian hormones throughout different stages of a female's life; migraine thus begins with the onset of menstruation, improves during the second and third trimester of pregnancy and a remission may sometimes be brought about during menopause. Objetive: Evaluating the safety of acute management of migraine during pregnancy. Materials and methods: A systematic review was made of the literature concerning observational analytical studies. A systematic search and selection was made of all analytical studies (cohort studies and cases and controls studies) regarding the acute management of migraine during pregnancy published between January 1966 and September 2007. The search covered the COCHRANE, MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS databases. Data were extracted using the PECOT strategy bearing in mind the intervention strategy, methodological quality and presence of greater or lesser congenital malformations related to the different medicaments used for the acute management of migraine. Results: A total of 389 references were obtained of which 7 articles were selected by title and summary. Four articles complied with the inclusion criteria. No articles were found describing the risk of congenital malformations before being exposed to acetaminophen, anti-inflammatory agents non-steroidal, ergot alkaloids and/ or opioids; just articles related to tryptans (specifically sumatryptan) were found. Conclusions: Only data concerning the risk of congenital malformations arising from sumatryptan use was found regarding all the medicaments used for acute migraine attack, this being insufficient as the information was really poor and the studies had limitations, thereby making it difficult to make statements concerning their safety during pregnancy

Predicción espacio-temporal probabilista de la epidemia de dengue total y grave en Colombia

"Objective To establish a new predictive methodology to determine the proportion of severe dengue with respect to the annual total of dengue infections per department based on the probability theory. Materials and Methods Based on annual data on the number of infected persons by department in the period 2005-2010, the proportion of cases of severe dengue was calculated with respect to the total for each year. Probability spaces were constructed to evaluate these events in the ranges 0.5 and 0.3. Sets of ranges were determined and probability, mean square deviation and the difference between them were estimated. A prediction of the range of infected people for 2011 was made using the arithmetic average of the values of the last two years. Results The range in which the proportion of the number of people infected with severe dengue is included with respect to the total amount in each department was correctly predicted, with an effectiveness of 93.3% for the 0.5 range and 86.7% for the 0.3 range. Conclusion A mathematical spatial-temporal self-organization was found in the proportion of severe dengue with respect to the total, which allows establishing useful predictions for decision-making in public health. © 2018, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. All rights reserved.

Predicción espacio-temporal probabilista de la epidemia de dengue total y grave en Colombia

Objective To establish a new predictive methodology to determine the proportion of severe dengue with respect to the annual total of dengue infections per department based on the probability theory. Materials and Methods Based on annual data on the number of infected persons by department in the period 2005-2010, the proportion of cases of severe dengue was calculated with respect to the total for each year. Probability spaces were constructed to evaluate these events in the ranges 0.5 and 0.3. Sets of ranges were determined and probability, mean square deviation and the difference between them were estimated. A prediction of the range of infected people for 2011 was made using the arithmetic average of the values of the last two years. Results The range in which the proportion of the number of people infected with severe dengue is included with respect to the total amount in each department was correctly predicted, with an effectiveness of 93.3% for the 0.5 range and 86.7% for the 0.3 range. Conclusion A mathematical spatial-temporal self-organization was found in the proportion of severe dengue with respect to the total, which allows establishing useful predictions for decision-making in public health. © 2018, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. All rights reserved