SKS Splitting Beneath Mount St. Helens: Constraints on Subslab Mantle Entrainment

Observations of seismic anisotropy can provide direct constraints on the character of mantleflow in subduction zones, critical for our broader understanding of subduction dynamics. Here wepresent over 750 new SKS splitting measurements in the vicinity of Mount St. Helens in the Cascadiasubduction zone using a combination of stations from the iMUSH broadband array and Cascades VolcanoObservatory network. This provides the highest density of splitting measurements yet available inCascadia, acting as a focused“telescope”for seismic anisotropy in the subduction zone. We retrieve spatiallyconsistent splitting parameters (mean fast directionΦ: 74°, mean delay time∂t: 1.0 s) with the azimuthaloccurrence of nulls in agreement with the fast direction of splitting. When averaged across the array, a90° periodicity in splitting parameters as a function of back azimuth is revealed, which has not beenrecovered previously with single‐station observations. The periodicity is characterized by a sawtooth patterninΦwith a clearly defined 45° trend. We present new equations that reproduce this behavior based uponknown systematic errors when calculating shear wave splitting from data with realistic seismic noise.The corrected results suggest a single layer of anisotropy with an ENE‐WSW fast axis parallel to the motionof the subducting Juan de Fuca plate; in agreement with predictions for entrained subslab mantleflow. Thesplitting pattern is consistent with that seen throughout Cascadia, suggesting that entrainment of theunderlying asthenosphere with the subducting slab is coherent and widespread.The broadband seismic component of the iMUSH project was supported by National Science Foundation grants EAR‐1144568, EAR‐1144351, EAR‐1460291, and EAR‐1444275. CME acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council (DE190100062). We thank the 2017 IRIS undergraduate summer intern program for providing support to A. W. to work with E. A. W. at the University of Washington. The facilities of IRIS Data Services, and specifically the IRIS Data Management Center, were used for access to waveforms, related metadata, and/or derived products used in this study. IRIS Data Services are funded through the Seismological Facilities for the Advancement of Geoscience and EarthScope (SAGE) Proposal of the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement EAR‐1261681

Young People Who Meaningfully Improve Are More Likely to Mutually Agree to End Treatment

Objective: Symptom improvement is often examined as an indicator of a good outcome of accessing mental health services. However, there is little evidence of whether symptom improvement is associated with other indicators of a good outcome, such as a mutual agreement to end treatment. The aim of this study was to examine whether young people accessing mental health services who meaningfully improved were more likely to mutually agree to end treatment. / Methods: Multilevel multinomial regression analysis controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, and referral source was conducted on N = 8,995 episodes of care [Female = 5,469, 61%; meanAge = 13.66 (SD = 2.87) years] using anonymised administrative data from young people's mental health services. / Results: Compared to young people with no change in mental health difficulties, those showing positive meaningful changes in mental health difficulties were less likely to have case closure due to non-mutual agreement (Odds Ratio or OR = 0.58, 95% Confidence Interval or CI = 0.50–0.61). Similarly, they were less likely to transfer (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.49–0.74) or end treatment for other reasons (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.50–0.70) than by case closure due to mutual agreement. / Conclusion: The findings suggest that young people accessing mental health services whose symptoms meaningfully improve are more likely to mutually agree to end treatment, adding to the evidence that symptom improvement may be appropriate to examine as an indicator of a good outcome of accessing mental health services

Influence of the Temperature and the Genotype of the HSP90AA1 Gene over Sperm Chromatin Stability in Manchega Rams

The present study addresses the effect of heat stress on males' reproduction ability. For that, we have evaluated the sperm DNA fragmentation (DFI) by SCSA of ejaculates incubated at 37°C during 0, 24 and 48 hours after its collection, as a way to mimic the temperature circumstances to which spermatozoa will be subject to in the ewe uterus. The effects of temperature and temperature-humidity index (THI) from day 60 prior collection to the date of semen collection on DFI were examined. To better understand the causes determining the sensitivity of spermatozoa to heat, this study was conducted in 60 males with alternative genotypes for the SNP G/C−660 of the HSP90AA1 promoter, which encode for the Hsp90α protein. The Hsp90α protein predominates in the brain and testis, and its role in spermatogenesis has been described in several species. Ridge regression analyses showed that days 29 to 35 and 7 to 14 before sperm collection (bsc) were the most critical regarding the effect of heat stress over DFI values. Mixed model analyses revealed that DFI increases over a threshold of 30°C for maximum temperature and 22 for THI at days 29 to 35 and 7 to 14 bsc only in animals carrying the GG−660 genotype. The period 29–35 bsc coincide with the meiosis I process for which the effect of the Hsp90α has been described in mice. The period 7–14 bsc may correspond with later stages of the meiosis II and early stages of epididymal maturation in which the replacement of histones by protamines occurs. Because of GG−660 genotype has been associated to lower levels of HSP90AA1 expression, suboptimal amounts of HSP90AA1 mRNA in GG−660 animals under heat stress conditions make spermatozoa DNA more susceptible to be fragmented. Thus, selecting against the GG−660 genotype could decrease the DNA fragmentation and spermatozoa thermal susceptibility in the heat season, and its putative subsequent fertility gainsPublishe

Data from: Shear velocity structure from ambient noise and teleseismic surface wave tomography in the Cascades around Mount St. Helens

Mount St. Helens (MSH) lies in the forearc of the Cascades where conditions should be too cold for volcanism. To better understand thermal conditions and magma pathways beneath MSH, data from a dense broadband array are used to produce high-resolution tomographic images of the crust and upper mantle. Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity maps and three-dimensional images of shear velocity (Vs), generated from ambient noise and earthquake surface waves, show that west of MSH the mid-lower crust is anomalously fast (3.95 ± 0.1 km/s), overlying an anomalously slow uppermost mantle (4.0-4.2 km/s). This combination renders the forearc Moho weak to invisible, with crustal velocity variations being a primary cause; fast crust is necessary to explain the absent Moho. Comparison with predicted rock velocities indicates that the fast crust likely consists of gabbros and basalts of the Siletzia terrane, an accreted oceanic plateau. East of MSH where magmatism is abundant, mid-lower crust Vs is low (3.45-3.6 km/s), consistent with hot and potentially partly molten crust of more intermediate to felsic composition. This crust overlies mantle with more typical wavespeeds, producing a strong Moho. The sharp boundary in crust and mantle Vs within a few km of the MSH edifice correlates with a sharp boundary from low heat flow in the forearc to high arc heat flow, and demonstrates that the crustal terrane boundary here couples with thermal structure to focus lateral melt transport from the lower crust westward to arc volcanoes. This dataset supports the research described here.NSF grant EAR-144427

Longitudinal assessment of childhood dietary patterns: Associations with body mass index z-Score among children in the Samoan Ola Tuputupua\u27e (Growing Up) cohort

Background: Intervention strategies to prevent childhood obesity in the Pacific Islands encourage eating a variety of local and traditional foods, but context-specific data to support this approach are limited. The objective was to assess the association between 2-year adherence to modern and neotraditional dietary patterns and body mass index z-scores (BMIz) among Samoan children. Methods: A convenience sample of 214 Samoan biological mother-child dyads who participated in the Ola Tuputupua'e “Growing Up” cohort study in 2015 and 2017 was included. At each time point, modern and neotraditional dietary patterns were identified using food frequency data and factor analysis. Children were assigned to categories based on diet pattern adherence: consistently high, high to low, low to high, and consistently low. Associations between 2-year adherence to dietary patterns, BMIz (in 2017 and 2015–2017), and weight and height z-scores were examined using linear models adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Consistently high adherence to the modern pattern was associated with a 0.36 standard deviation (SD)-adjusted change in BMIz between 2015 and 2017 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.04–0.69, p = 0.03). While the estimates for the individual components of BMI were imprecise, on average, children with consistently high adherence to the modern pattern had a 0.13 SD greater change in weight z-score (95% CI: −0.10 to 0.37) and 0.15 SD lower change in height z-score (95% CI: −0.43 to 0.13). The change in BMIz between 2015 and 2017 did not significantly differ by adherence to the neotraditional pattern. Conclusion: A neotraditional dietary pattern, comprising local produce, should be encouraged as a possible childhood obesity prevention strategy in Samoa

Scoping review protocol of multicomponent interventions to address cardiometabolic disease risk among Pacific Islander children.

IntroductionMulticomponent interventions can reduce cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk factors in childhood; however, little synthesis of the literature has taken place in the Pacific region. Pacific Islanders experience a disproportionately high prevalence of CMD risk factors, yet interventions have been slow to reach many communities. We present this protocol for a scoping review to identify and summarize existing multicomponent interventions to address CMD risk in Pacific Islander children.Materials and methodsEligible interventions will (1) address CMD risk factors (including but not limited to obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and/or health behaviors) in 2-to-12-year-old Pacific Islander children, and (2) be multi-component (including at least two lifestyle/behavior change strategies to address CMD risk factors). To investigate existing interventions for adaptation and potential use in Pacific Islander communities, we will search Scopus, MEDLINE ALL (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), Yale-licensed Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Library, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, Global Health (EBSCO), non-indexed Pacific journals, grey literature, government reports, and clinical trial registrations. The Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis and the Preferred Reporting Items for Scoping Reviews will guide data extraction, evidence mapping, synthesis, and reporting of information including study population, intervention components, behavioral changes, health and implementation outcomes, theoretical frameworks, and evaluation measures.Ethics and disseminationFormal ethical approval is not required. The dissemination strategy will include peer-reviewed journal publications and presentations. Synthesis of existing multicomponent interventions for Pacific Islander children will help to identify best practices that could be replicated, adapted, or combined