The role of membrane processes in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse

Wastewater reuse presents a promising solution to the growing pressure on water resources. However, wastewater reuse implementation faces obstacles that include insufficient public acceptance, technical, economic and hygienic risks and further uncertainties caused by a lack of awareness, accepted standards, uniform guidelines and legislation. So far, there are no supranational regulations on water reuse in Europe and further development is slowed by lack of widely accepted standards e.g. in terms of required water quality, treatment technology and distribution system design and operation. Treatment technology encompasses a vast number of options and membrane processes are regarded as key elements of advanced wastewater reclamation and reuse schemes and are included in a number of prominent schemes world-wide, e.g. for artificial groundwater recharge, indirect potable reuse as well as for industrial process water production. For dual reticulation purposes in urban areas two types of systems have been built, a centralised type of treatment with dual membrane processes, including e.g. microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO), and small scale systems using membrane bioreactors. This paper will provide an overview of the status of membranes processes in wastewater reclamation and reuse world-wide and will depict their potential role in promoting more sustainable water use patterns

Comparison of the aerobic metabolism for four strains of <i>Artemia</i>

The respiratory physiology in 35 pro mille artificial seawater has been studied for four strains of adult Artemia . The scope of activity and the potential activity range were studied by measuring the respiratory rate of actively swimming and anaesthetized animals and the respiration of total homogenates. The experiments were carried out at temperatures ranging from 5 to 45°C. The lower lethal value for male and female Artemia from the four strains (Great Salt Lake, Macau and Sfax) being 5°C. The higher lethal value for male Artemia from Great Salt Lake, Macau and Sfax being 45°C, while male animals from San Francisco Bay only survive up to 35°C. Female Artemia from the four strains show a temperature tolerance up to 40°C, the measurements for the Macau strain illustrate the quick adaptability of Artemia to new environmental conditions

Added value of concentration-duration-frequency curves of wastewater plant effluent quality

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