37 research outputs found

    Esterification Bio-oil using Acid Catalyst and Ethanol

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    Fuel energy sources are limited. It is necessary to obtain alternative energy that can be reached. Bio-oil is one of the promising renewable energy that production of bio-oil derived from agricultural wastes and industrial wastes by fast pyrolysis process but the quality bio-oil is not good as bio-fuel it needs upgrading method. One of the methods to upgrading bio-oil is using esterification. Esterfication method reduces viscosity, density, and ash. The purpose of this research was to increasing bio-oil quality by type of acid catalyst. Catalyst used was H2SO4, HCl and citric acid, concentration catalyst was used according to free fatty acid (FFA) and free fatty acid was 5.09 before esterification. The bio-oil after esterification show FFA lower than 2.00 and indicate it worked. Esterification with acid catalyst shows some critical change like acid number, viscosity kinematic, density, pH, and ash. The result found acid number 0.64, 1.02 and 3.39 Mg of KOH/g, viscosity kinematic 11.61, 11.83, and 13.64 cSt @40oC, density 1.11, 1.12 and 1.21 kg/dm3 @20 oC, pH values 2.05, 2.33 and 3.06, ash 0.0003, 0 and 0.004. The concentration catalyst according to FFA with esterification process has a good impact on bio-oil characteristics according to standards and its high activity

    A contemporary assessment on composite titania onto graphitic carbon nitride-based catalyst as photocatalyst

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    Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has drawn widespread interest by researchers as a precious semiconductor that is responsive towards photodegradation of various pollutants. This catalyst has its own limitations such as fast electron-hole recombination, wide band gap, and can only be utilised under ultraviolet (UV) region. In order to overcome these problems, the addition of a metal-free dopant is a common practice to prevent electron-hole recombination and enhance photodegradation under visible light. Among various types of metal-free catalysts, carbon nitride material has received much attention due to its numerous benefits such as good in terms of physical and chemical strength, as well as an attractive electronic band combined with a band gap (2.7 eV). This review summarised recent works in the development of titania incorporated with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for enhanced photocatalytic activity

    Role of promoters in hoisting the catalytic performance for enhanced CO methanation

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    The increasing demand of natural gas and its rising cost have urged some countries to take initiatives to fulfil their energy needs. The production of substituted natural gas (SNG) by syngas (CO + H2) from coal or biomass is one of the most effective methods. As a promising source of energy, SNG has attracted much attention on research and applications due to the high demand for environmental protection. It is regarded as a clean energy source and an effective method for the application of coal resources, particularly in the regions with abundant coal resources but scarce natural gas such as in China [1-3]. SNG has attracted increasing attention due to its lower emission of sulphur and particulate matter. SNG is expected to be one of the main energy sources of the 21st century. It is environmentally friendly and less costly, has high calorific value, complete combustion, and smoke free compared to other energy sources. It has significant importance for the industrial level and transportation sectors

    Effect of Lactobacillus casei on the production of pro-inflammatory markers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

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    It has been demonstrated that probiotic supplementation has positive effects in several murine models of disease through influences on host immune responses. This study examined the effect of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (L. casei Shirota) on the blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), and body weight among STZ-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced by streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg BW) in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Streptozotocin caused a significant increase in the blood glucose levels, CRP, and IL-6. L. casei Shirota supplementation lowered the CRP and IL-6 levels but had no significant effect on the blood glucose levels, body weight, or IL-4. Inflammation was determined histologically. The presence of the innate immune cells was not detectable in the liver of L. casei Shirota-treated hyperglycemic rats. The probiotic L. casei Shirota significantly lowered blood levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, CRP) and neutrophils in diabetic rats, showing a lower risk of diabetes mellitus and its complications

    Fabrication and characterization of highly active fibrous silica-mordenite (fs@sio2-mor) cockscomb shaped catalyst for enhanced co2 methanation

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    Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are of global concern because of climate change. CO2 methanation is one of the most prestigious technologies to convert CO2 into value-added products such as substitute natural gas. In this study, a highly active fibrous silica-mordenite (FS@SiO2-MOR) catalyst has been synthesized by a microemulsion process and characterized by XRD, TEM, FESEM, N2 adsorption analysis, FTIR-pyrrole, CO2-TPD, and ESR spectroscopy. The CO2 methanation reaction was performed, and it was found that the FS@SiO2-MOR catalyst exhibited higher CH4 selectivity (68%) and CO2 conversion (65%) due to the distinctive fibrous morphology, which provided higher surface area, basic sites, and oxygen vacancies. In addition, the synthesized FS@SiO2-MOR catalyst exhibited high thermal stability (50 h) and significantly suppressed coke deposition compared to commercial mordenite. According to in-situ FTIR observations, the carbonyls and linear CO2* were the essential intermediates species for the formation of methane during CO2 methanation via an associative mechanism

    Implementation of CWDM technique in access network

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    The Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) system presented in this paper has several distinct characteristics from the standard CWDM system. One of them is the channel spacing whereby it uses smaller channel spacing compared to the standard system. The other is that, the system uses a broad spectrum laser source. The source is filtered by using ‘Bragg Grating’ before being transmitted. The filtration gives higher OSNR compared to standard CWDM setup. It was found that the system can transmit through each channel up to 2.5 Gbps with the probability of error of 10-12. The maximum distance that can be supported by this system is about 27 km, for the data rate of 155 Mbps

    Implementation of CWDM technique in access network

    No full text
    The Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) system presented in this paper has several distinct characteristics from the standard CWDM system. One of them is the channel spacing whereby it uses smaller channel spacing compared to the standard system. The other is that, the system uses a broad spectrum laser source. The source is filtered by using ‘Bragg Grating’ before being transmitted. The filtration gives higher OSNR compared to standard CWDM setup. It was found that the system can transmit through each channel up to 2.5 Gbps with the probability of error of 10-12. The maximum distance that can be supported by this system is about 27 km, for the data rate of 155 Mbps

    Influence of dendrimeric silica BEA zeolite towards acidity and mesoporosity for enhanced benzene methylation

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    Fibrous silica BEA zeolite (FBEA) was synthesized by microemulsion method and tested for benzene methylation. The FESEM and N2physisorption verified that the FBEA exhibited a dendrimeric silica fiber morphology with large surface area and high ratio of mesopores and micropore volume. While the FTIR pre-adsorbed pyridine revealed that the FBEA possessed low Brönsted acid sites compared to commercial beta zeolite. The catalytic testing at 300 °C showed that FBEA was catalytically active towards benzene methylation to produce toluene with 97.8% conversion and 55.5% yield. It is suggested that the fibrous morphology might increase the mesopores volume and reduce the acidity, hence, improves the benzene alkylation reaction

    Smart embedded-analytics sensors with cloud-based measurement system for HVAC

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    HVAC system is a necessary component of environment to maintain the temperature and humidity to be kept at certain levels by using air taken from outside to ensure the indoor comfort. The purpose of the study is to reduce the electricity energy usage and cost from air conditioning by using smart embedded-analytics sensors to provide the automatic thermal control in an area. In this study, we used sensors such as temperature and humidity sensors to detect and read the currently temperature and humidity of an area monitored by a microcontroller. The cloud-based system and the sensors are connected via wifi in the presence of MQTT protocol. The protocol enables publish and subscribe method which provide the communication between sensors, cloud-based system and HVAC system. This communication can serve thermal control automatically thus resulting the optimize usage of energy from air conditioning according to the external environment temperature and humidity. The control of the temperature and humidity from air conditioning can be designed through the programming embedded in the microcontroller. The monitoring result can be displayed from the control panel to ensure how the system works
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