Youth Training Programs and their Impact on Career and Spell Duration of Professional Soccer Players

A unique data set of post-war English trained soccer players that signed professionally with their parent club when they turned 18 is used to study the impact of their stay with the home team and their total career duration. The home team (first) spell and career durations of these soccer players in a top European leagues is modeled using robust hazard models. The results of the analysis show that players that start their professional careers after acquiring training in competitive youth academy/programs have different outcomes on their career and first spell duration depending on the clubs they start their training. The first spell duration analysis is performed to estimate the bond or loyalty factor established by clubs with their youth trainees. The spell analysis outlines the nature of the competitive environment in which smaller clubs have a chance to keep up with the larger ones in terms of producing and holding on to home- grown talent. This would be a necessary condition for them to remain competitive in light of their lagging financial resources that limit their activity and ability to attract top talent in the soccer transfer market. The analysis of career duration in the top European leagues will show the success of a specific academy's training programs in producing players competitive in top soccer leagues. Finally, the results of both analyses were tested for endogeneity bias using a split sample test

Preliminary Analysis of Pyrite Reactivity Under Venusian Temperature and Atmosphere

Measurements of Venus surface chemistry suggest a basaltic composition with a predominantly CO2 atmosphere. In order to understand the reactivity of certain possible mineral species on the surface, previous simulation chambers conduct experiments at 1 atmosphere with a simplified CO2 atmosphere. Following this procedure, pyrite (FeS2) samples are used to estimate the reactivity of sulfide minerals under a Venusian atmosphere and climate. Sulfurous gas species have been identified and quantified in the Venusian atmosphere, and sulfurous gas and mineral species are known to be created through volcanism, which is suggested to still occur on the surface of Venus. This experimentation is necessary to constrain reactions that could occur between the surface and atmosphere of Venus to understand terrestrial geology in a thick and hot greenhouse atmosphere. Quantifying this reaction can lead to approximations necessary for further experimentation in more complex environments such as those in the GEER chamber at Glenn Research Center that can simulate pressure along with temperature and a more inclusive and representative Venusian atmosphere

Internal Promotion in Competitive Sports: Evidence from the English Premier League

The analysis of English Premier League clubsí reliance on internal versus external sources for new additions to the Örst-team is motivated by relevant labor economics literature. We consider two dimensions for analysis: (i) the extensive margin that drives the selection of youth players in the Örst team, and (ii) the intensive margin that looks at their career lifespan once selected. Two uniquely created data sets are utilized to establish robust results in support of the notion that more reputable youth programs provide greater Örst-team opportunities through internal hiring. Foreign sourced players become more prevalent in the league after the Bosman ruling, and their probability of selection is positively correlated with club stature. Survival analysis results validate prior results in terms of youth training reputation of certain clubs, and establishes a presence of heterogeneity at youth club level that signals di§erences in player career prospects generated by their youth training. Further, when the unobserved heterogeneity is modelled using discrete Önite mixtures we get new insights into the role unobservables in the analysis. In particular, two types of players are identiÖed in the data, one type that represents 33% is the one that drives the exits of the youth players. In addition, this model shows that the Bosman ruling positively impacts the career duration of youth players, as opposed to its negative e§ect on Örst-team selectio

An international laboratory comparison of dissolved organic matter composition by high resolution mass spectrometry: Are we getting the same answer?

High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has become a vital tool for dissolved organic matter (DOM) characterization. The upward trend in HRMS analysis of DOM presents challenges in data comparison and interpretation among laboratories operating instruments with differing performance and user operating conditions. It is therefore essential that the community establishes metric ranges and compositional trends for data comparison with reference samples so that data can be robustly compared among research groups. To this end, four identically prepared DOM samples were each measured by 16 laboratories, using 17 commercially purchased instruments, using positive-ion and negative-ion mode electrospray ionization (ESI) HRMS analyses. The instruments identified ~1000 common ions in both negative- and positive-ion modes over a wide range of m/z values and chemical space, as determined by van Krevelen diagrams. Calculated metrics of abundance-weighted average indices (H/C, O/C, aromaticity, and m/z) of the commonly detected ions showed that hydrogen saturation and aromaticity were consistent for each reference sample across the instruments, while average mass and oxygenation were more affected by differences in instrument type and settings. In this paper we present 32 metric values for future benchmarking. The metric values were obtained for the four different parameters from four samples in two ionization modes and can be used in future work to evaluate the performance of HRMS instruments

Conclusion: Discovering the lesbian in us-on our ongoing, never-ending struggles

This chapter summarises the volume’s contributions and underscores the challenges awaiting lesbian emancipation in the post-Yugoslav space. The text is organised in the form of a transnational and intergenerational dialogue with activists from Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Croatia, and Serbia. The discussion aims to take stock of decades of lesbian activist initiatives in distinctly unfavourable post-socialist and post-conflict circumstances that have been further aggravated by the global economic crisis. The chapter also examines affective dimensions of a collective work on the history and politics of post-Yugoslav lesbian activisms

Introduction: Recovering/rethinking (post-)Yugoslav lesbian activisms

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