9,614 research outputs found
Investigation of fatigue-crack growth under simple variable-amplitude loading
Fatigue-crack growth under simple variable amplitude loading in aluminum alloy
How genealogies are affected by the speed of evolution
In a series of recent works it has been shown that a class of simple models
of evolving populations under selection leads to genealogical trees whose
statistics are given by the Bolthausen-Sznitman coalescent rather than by the
well known Kingman coalescent in the case of neutral evolution. Here we show
that when conditioning the genealogies on the speed of evolution, one finds a
one parameter family of tree statistics which interpolates between the
Bolthausen-Sznitman and Kingman's coalescents. This interpolation can be
calculated explicitly for one specific version of the model, the exponential
model. Numerical simulations of another version of the model and a
phenomenological theory indicate that this one-parameter family of tree
statistics could be universal. We compare this tree structure with those
appearing in other contexts, in particular in the mean field theory of spin
glasses
Gene-history correlation and population structure
Correlation of gene histories in the human genome determines the patterns of
genetic variation (haplotype structure) and is crucial to understanding genetic
factors in common diseases. We derive closed analytical expressions for the
correlation of gene histories in established demographic models for genetic
evolution and show how to extend the analysis to more realistic (but more
complicated) models of demographic structure. We identify two contributions to
the correlation of gene histories in divergent populations: linkage
disequilibrium, and differences in the demographic history of individuals in
the sample. These two factors contribute to correlations at different length
scales: the former at small, and the latter at large scales. We show that
recent mixing events in divergent populations limit the range of correlations
and compare our findings to empirical results on the correlation of gene
histories in the human genome.Comment: Revised and extended version: 26 pages, 5 figures, 1 tabl
Synonymy and stratigraphic ranges of Belemnopsis in the Heterian and Ohauan Stages (Callovian-Tithonian), southwest Auckland, New Zealand.
Belemnopsis stevensi, Belemnopsis maccrawi, and Belemnopsis sp. A (Challinor 1979a) are synonymous; B. stevensi has priority. New belemnite material from Kawhia Harbour and Port Waikato, together with graphical study methods, indicates that many small fragmentary specimens associated with B. stevensi in the lower part of its stratigraphic range are probably the same taxon. B. stevensi has been found only in the Middle and Upper Heterian Stage (Lower Kimmeridgian) at Kawhia and only in the Lower Ohauan Stage (Upper Kimmeridgian) at Port Waikato. This apparently disjunct distribution is attributed to poor exposure in the relevant sections. Belemnopsis kiwiensis n.sp., Belemnopsis cf. sp. B, Belemnopsis sp. B, Belemnopsis sp. D, and Belemnopsis spp. are associated with B. stevensi near the lowest known point in its stratigraphic range. The distribution of stratigraphically useful belemnites within the Heterian and Ohauan Stages is: Conodicoelites spp. (Lower Heterian; correlated with Lower Callovian); Belemnopsis annae (Lower and Middle Heterian; Lower Callovian/Lower Kimmeridgian); Belemnopsis stevensi (Middle Heterian/Lower Ohauan; Kimmeridgian); Belemnopsis keari (Upper Heterian; Kimmeridgian); Belemnopsis trechmanni (Upper Ohauan; Upper Kimmeridgian/Middle Tithonian). The apparently extreme range of Belemnopsis annae remains unexplained. Klondyke Sandstone (new) is recognised as the basal member of Moewaka Formation (Port Waikato area)
Impact of g-factors and valleys on spin qubits in a silicon double quantum dot
We define single electron spin qubits in a silicon MOS double quantum dot
system. By mapping the qubit resonance frequency as a function of gate-induced
electric field, the spectrum reveals an anticrossing that is consistent with an
inter-valley spin-orbit coupling. We fit the data from which we extract an
inter-valley coupling strength of 43 MHz. In addition, we observe a narrow
resonance near the primary qubit resonance when we operate the device in the
(1,1) charge configuration. The experimental data is consistent with a
simulation involving two weakly exchanged-coupled spins with a g-factor
difference of 1 MHz, of the same order as the Rabi frequency. We conclude that
the narrow resonance is the result of driven transitions between the T- and T+
triplet states, using an ESR signal of frequency located halfway between the
resonance frequencies of the two individual spins. The findings presented here
offer an alternative method of implementing two-qubit gates, of relevance to
the operation of larger scale spin qubit systems
Structure and Function of the Stigma in Relation to the Germinative Requirements of the Pollen in the Easter Lily
Stigma of Easter Lily is papillate. Over the surface of the papillae a mucilaginous layer is formed and from this mucilaginous layer the pollen absorbs the requisite amount of water for germination. The papillae and nearly all cells of the stigma previous to the opening of the flower contain much starch which is transported from cell to cell chiefly in the form of dextrin. As the starch disappears in the papillae the mucilage appears on the outside of their walls. The pollen germinates on almost any media or in almost any solution that furnishes the required amount of water
Radiative Capture of Protons by Be9
The gamma rays from the capture in Be9 of protons of energy between 0.27 and 1.2 Mev have been studied using large scintillation crystals. Excitation functions of the gamma rays leading to the 0-, 0.72-, 1.74-, 2.15-, 3.58-, and 5.16-Mev states of B10 were computed from the measured gamma-ray spectra. In addition to the resonances previously known to exist at 0.33-, 0.99-, and 1.086-Mev proton energy [corresponding to (1-) 6.88-, (2-) 7.48-, and (0+) 7.56-Mev states in B10], evidence was found only for the p-wave resonance near 1 Mev [(2+) 7.5-Mev state in B10] postulated by Mozer and by Dearnaly and for the influence of higher lying states. This work leaves unexplained the large isotopic-spin impurity of the 6.88-Mev level. Appreciable nonresonant capture was found for the transitions to the 0-, 0.72-, 3.58-, and 5.16-Mev states, which is probably not s-wave for the latter two transitions. Accurate energy measurements and coincidence work showed that the 5.16-Mev level of B10 is populated in preference to the 5.11-Mev level, contradicting earlier work of Clegg. Also, experimental evidence has been found which appears to be in contradiction to the 0+ spin assignment for the 7.56-Mev level of B10 and raises doubts about the 2+ spin assignment of the 5.16-Mev level
Shock-induced prompt relativistic electron acceleration in the inner magnetosphere
Abstract
We present twin Van Allen Probes spacecraft observations of the effects of a solar wind shock impacting the magnetosphere on 8 October 2013. The event provides details both of the accelerating electric fields associated with the shock and the response of inner magnetosphere electron populations across a broad range of energies. During this period, the two Van Allen Probes observed shock effects from the vantage point of the dayside magnetosphere at radial positions of L = 3 and L = 5, at the location where shock-induced acceleration of relativistic electrons occurs. The extended (~1 min) duration of the accelerating electric field across a broad extent of the dayside magnetosphere, coupled with energy-dependent relativistic electron gradient drift velocities, selects a preferred range of energies (3–4 MeV) for the initial enhancement. Those electrons—whose drift velocity closely matches the azimuthal phase velocity of the shock-induced pulse—stayed in the accelerating wave as it propagated tailward and received the largest increase in energy. Drift resonance with subsequent strong ULF waves further accentuated this range of electron energies. Phase space density and positional considerations permit the identification of the source population of the energized electrons. Observations detail the promptness (\u3c20 min), energy range (1.5–4.5 MeV), energy increase (~500 keV), and spatial extent (L* ~3.5–4.0) of the enhancement of the relativistic electrons. Prompt acceleration by impulsive shock-induced electric fields and subsequent ULF wave processes therefore comprises a significant mechanism for the acceleration of highly relativistic electrons deep inside the outer radiation belt as shown clearly by this event
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