Children\u27s Judgments of Age

Age judgments of human figures by children, ranging in age from 3 through 9 years, were investigated. The stimuli consisted of 4 different male figures drawn according to typical physical characteristics of the middle-aged adult, adolescent child, and infant. The figures were reproduced in 2 sizes and were matched in all possible pairings. Ss\u27 accuracy in age judgments increased steadily over the 7 age levels. The errors of young Ss were primarily due to a figural-size response set. Older Ss made increasing use of other physical features in making their judgments. Implications of these findings were discussed with references to the theoretical framework of Piaget

Providing medical care for undocumented migrants in Denmark: what are the challenges for health professionals?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The rights of undocumented migrants are frequently overlooked. Denmark has ratified several international conventions recognizing the right to health care for all human beings, but has very scanty legislation and no existing policies for providing health care to undocumented migrants. This study focuses on how health professionals navigate and how they experience providing treatment for undocumented migrants in the Danish health care system.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The study was carried out as part of an EU-project on European Best Practices in Access, Quality and Appropriateness of Health Services for Immigrants in Europe (EUGATE). This presentation is based on 12 semi-structured interviews with general practitioners (9) and emergency room physicians (3) in Denmark.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The emergency room physicians express that treatment of undocumented migrants is no different from the treatment of any other person. However, care may become more complicated due to lack of previous medical records and contact persons. Contrary to this, general practitioners explain that undocumented migrants will encounter formal barriers when trying to obtain treatment. Additional problems in the treatment of undocumented migrants include language issues, financial aspects for general practitioners, concerns about how to handle the situation including possibilities of further referrals, and an uncertainty as to whether to involve the police.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The health professionals in our study describe that undocumented migrants experience an unequal access to primary care facilities and that great uncertainties exist amongst health professionals as how to respond in such situations. The lack of official policies concerning the right to health care for undocumented migrants continue to pass on the responsibility to health professionals and, thereby, leaves it up to the individual to decide whether treatment can be obtained or not.</p

Calf health from birth to weaning. I. General aspects of disease prevention

Calfhood diseases have a major impact on the economic viability of cattle operations. This is the first in a three part review series on calf health from birth to weaning, focusing on preventive measures. The review considers both pre- and periparturient management factors influencing calf health, colostrum management in beef and dairy calves and further nutrition and weaning in dairy calves

Effect of Candida albicans infection on the plasma membrane expression of the Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) in T84 and Madin Darby Canine Kidney cells (MDCK)

C. albicans is a commensal human fungal pathogens. To infect the human body, it must penetrate the intestinal mucosal barrier. Fluid secretion is one of the intestinal defense mechanisms and NKCC1 is a key protein regulating fluid secretion in the colon. We hypothesize that, C. albicans, before invasion decreases fluid secretion by causing NKCC1 internalization. In our experiments, we used MDCK cells expressing a GFP-NKCC1, and T84 a human colonic. Cells were infected with 100,000 C. albicans for different times, fixed, stained and mounted for fluorescence microscopy. Images were acquired using an Olympus IX83 microscope equipped with a DP80 CCD camera. The number of vesicles was evaluated using FIJI. Our preliminary results show that in MDCK cells, phorbol 12 myristate 13 acetate (PMA), a positive control, induced a significant increase of vesicles containing NKCC1 (P\u3c0.001), whereas C. albicans did not significantly increase NKCC1 internalization at all time points tested (ANOVA, Dunnett\u27s Multiple Comparison). Similarly, PMA induced a significant increase of NKCC1 internalization (P=0.007) in T84 Cells. Infecting T84 cells with C. albicans, significantly induced NKCC1 internalization only at 90 min (P=0.01), but not at other time points. Our results suggest that C. albicans causes internalization of NKCC1 which would decrease fluid secretion. The non-significance at some time points may be due to the low number of replicates at our early time points, whereas at later time points we suspect that NKCC1 is already degraded and cannot be detected

The Effects of Estrogen (E2) on the Filamentous Growth of Candida albicans on Assorted Solid Medias

Candida albicans is a commensal yeast that lives within the human body. When exposed to specific environmental stimuli (ex. pH, temperature) the fungi will undergo a morphological change from yeast to filamentous (hyphal). Currently, C. albicans is the most prevalent human fungal pathogen, causing both mucosal and systemic infections. This infection, called candidiasis, can endanger high-risk groups, such as immunocompromised patients. While studied extensively, the relationship between C. albicans hyphal growth and estrogen (E2) has yielded mixed results amongst researchers. In our research, we attempted to provide clarity to this relationship by using a variety of solid media and studying how each affects E2’s influence on hyphal development. We used three solid media; Minimum, Spider, and YEPD. In our experiments, we found that C. albicans undergoes three distinct morphologies and variable behavior between the three media types. In Minimum media, we found that E2 is blocking filamentous growth after day two compared to no E2. In Spider media, E2 is blocking filamentous growth up to day three compared to no E2. Finally, in YEPD, E2 inhibits filamentous growth only at day two compared to no E2. In our conditions, E2 has an inhibitory effect on filamentous growth. Furthermore, our observations suggest that the inhibition is media-dependent. Currently, we are testing fetal bovine serum (FBS), which is known to induce filamentation, as a positive control to compare to the effects of E2