The Network Structure of Childhood Psychopathology in International Adoptees

International adoptees are at an increased risk of emotional and behavioral problems, especially those who are adopted at an older age. We took a new approach in our study of the network structure and predictability of emotional and behavioral problems in internationally adopted children in Finland. Our sample was from the on-going adoption study and comprised 778 internationally adopted children (387 boys and 391 girls, mean age 10.5 (SD 3.4) years). Networks were estimated using Gaussian graphical models and lasso regularization for all the children, and separately for those who were adopted at different ages. The results showed that anxiety/depressive symptoms, social problems, and aggressiveness were the most central symptom domains. Somatic symptoms were the least central and had the weakest effect on the other domains. Similarly, aggressiveness, social problems, and attention problems were high in terms of predictability (73-65%), whereas internalizing problems were relatively low (28-56%). There were clear but local age-group differences in network structure, symptom centrality, and predictability. According to our findings, network models provide important additional information about the centrality and predictability of specific symptom domains, and thus may facilitate targeted interventions among international adoptees.Peer reviewe

Early childhood adversities and trajectories of psychiatric problems in adoptees: Evidence for long lasting effects

The aim of the present study is to investigate whether early childhood adversities determine the longitudinal course of psychiatric problems from childhood to adulthood; in particular if the impact of early maltreatment on psychopathology decreases as time passes. A sample of 1,984 international adoptees was followed (955 males and 1029 females; adopted at the mean age of 29 months). Parents provided information about abuse, neglect and numbe

Nortriptyline blood levels and clinical outcome: meta-analysis of published studies Níveis sangüíneos de nortriptilina e resposta clínica: metanálise dos estudos publicados

INTRODUCTION: An optimum range has been suggested for nortriptyline blood levels, above or below which patients respond poorly or do not respond at all to treatment. METHODS: A meta-analysis of published studies was performed to verify the existence of an optimal blood concentration range or therapeutic window in nortriptyline-treated depression patients. A MEDLINE search through the years 1970-1999 was carried out to identify original papers and review articles. Data concerning blood levels and percentage improvement were obtained concerning all included pacients. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for data comparison. Possible confounding variables, such as pre-treatment, setting (in or outpatients), and duration of treatment were also evaluated. RESULTS: From the 22 published studies found, only six of them with patients' individual data were included. We found an optimal range for nortriptyline concentrations (OR= 2.25, 95% CI = 1.15 to 4.39, p= 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: There may be a biphasic relationship of efficacy to plasma concentrations of nortriptyline, with a therapeutic window between 46 to 236 ng/ml.<br>INTRODUÇÃO: Sugere-se a existência de uma faixa de concentração ótima para os níveis sangüíneos da nortriptilina, acima e abaixo da qual os pacientes não respondem ao tratamento ou o fazem pobremente. MÉTODOS: Realizamos metanálise dos estudos publicados com o propósito de verificar a existência de uma faixa de concentração sangüínea ótima (janela terapêutica) para os pacientes deprimidos tratados com nortriptilina. A busca através do MEDLINE envolvendo os anos de 1970 a 1999 foi realizada com o objetivo de identificar artigos originais e de revisão. Dados sobre níveis sangüíneos e percentagem de melhora foram obtidos. Foram realizadas análises uni e multivariadas para a comparação dos dados. Avaliamos possíveis variáveis de confusão como: período de pré-tratamento, ambiente (hospitalar ou ambulatorial) e duração do tratamento. RESULTADOS: Dos 22 estudos publicados que foram identificados, apenas seis que forneceram os dados individuais dos pacientes foram incluídos. Encontramos uma faixa de concentração ótima para a nortriptilina (OR = 2,25, IC 95% = 1,15 a 4,39, p = 0,02). CONCLUSÕES: É possível que exista uma associação de tipo bifásico entre as concentrações de nortriptilina e a resposta clínica, com uma janela terapêutica entre 46 e 236 ng/ml