63,404 research outputs found
Are Consumers Fooled by Discounts? An Experimental Test in a Consumer Search Environment
In this paper we investigate experimentally if people search optimally and how price promotions influence search behavior. We implement a sequential search task with exogenous price dispersion in a baseline treatment and introduce discounts in two experimental treatments. We find that search behavior is roughly consistent with optimal search but also observe some discount biases. If subjects don't know in advance where discounts are offered the purchase probability is increased by 19 percentage points in shops with discounts, even after controlling for the benefit of the discount and for risk preferences. If consumers know in advance where discounts are given then the bias is only weakly significant and much smaller (7 percentage points).Consumer Search Theory, Search Cost, Price Promotion
Contextuality and Nonlocality in Decaying Multipartite Systems
Everyday experience supports the existence of physical properties independent
of observation in strong contrast to the predictions of quantum theory. In
particular, existence of physical properties that are independent of the
measurement context is prohibited for certain quantum systems. This property is
known as contextuality. This paper studies whether the process of decay in
space-time generally destroys the ability of revealing contextuality. We find
that in the most general situation the decay property does not diminish this
ability. However, applying certain constraints due to the space-time structure
either on the time evolution of the decaying system or on the measurement
procedure, the criteria revealing contextuality become inherently dependent on
the decay property or an impossibility. In particular, we derive how the
context-revealing setup known as Bell's nonlocality tests changes for decaying
quantum systems. Our findings illustrate the interdependence between hidden and
local hidden parameter theories and the role of time.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure
Research on Optimized Problem-solving Solutions: Selection of the Production Process
In manufacturing industries, various problems may occur during the production process. The problems are complexand involve the relevant context of working environments. A problem-solving process is often initiated to create asolution and achieve a desired status. In this process, determining how to obtain a solution from the variouscandidate solutions is an important issue. In such uncertain working environments, context information can providerich clues for problem-solving decision making. This work uses a selection approach to determine an optimizedproblem-solving process which will assist workers in choosing reasonable solutions. A context-based utility modelexplores the problem context information to obtain candidate solution actual utility values; a multi-criteria decisionanalysis uses the actual utility values to determine the optimal selection order for candidate solutions. Theselection order is presented to the worker as an adaptive knowledge recommendation. The worker chooses areasonable problem-solving solution based on the selection order. This paper uses a high-tech company’sknowledge base log as a source of analysis data. The experimental results show that the chosen approach to anoptimized problem-solving solution selection is effective. The contribution of this research is a method which iseasy to implement in a problem-solving decision support system
Time reversal Aharonov-Casher effect in mesoscopic rings with Rashba spin-orbital interaction
The time reversal Aharonov-Casher (AC) interference effect in the mesoscopic
ring structures, based on the experiment in Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{97},
196803 (2006), is studied theoretically. The transmission curves are calculated
from the scattering matrix formalism, and the time reversal AC interference
frequency is singled out from the Fourier spectra in numerical simulations.
This frequency is in good agreement with analytical result. It is also shown
that in the absent of magnetic field, the Altshuler-Aronov-Spivak type (time
reversal) AC interference retains under the influence of strong disorder, while
the Aharonov-Bohm type AC interference is suppressed.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, accepted by Phys. Rev.
Conservative Initial Mapping For Multidimensional Simulations of Stellar Explosions
Mapping one-dimensional stellar profiles onto multidimensional grids as
initial conditions for hydrodynamics calculations can lead to numerical
artifacts, one of the most severe of which is the violation of conservation
laws for physical quantities such as energy and mass. Here we introduce a
numerical scheme for mapping one-dimensional spherically-symmetric data onto
multidimensional meshes so that these physical quantities are conserved. We
validate our scheme by porting a realistic 1D Lagrangian stellar profile to the
new multidimensional Eulerian hydro code CASTRO. Our results show that all
important features in the profiles are reproduced on the new grid and that
conservation laws are enforced at all resolutions after mapping.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, Proceeding for Conference on Computational
Physics (CCP 2011
The private capacity of quantum channels is not additive
Recently there has been considerable activity on the subject of additivity of
various quantum channel capacities. Here, we construct a family of channels
with sharply bounded classical, hence private capacity. On the other hand,
their quantum capacity when combined with a zero private (and zero quantum)
capacity erasure channel, becomes larger than the previous classical capacity.
As a consequence, we can conclude for the first time that the classical
private capacity is non-additive. In fact, in our construction even the quantum
capacity of the tensor product of two channels can be greater than the sum of
their individual classical private capacities.
We show that this violation occurs quite generically: every channel can be
embedded into our construction, and a violation occurs whenever the given
channel has larger entanglement assisted quantum capacity than (unassisted)
classical capacity.Comment: 4+4 pages, 2 eps figures. V2 has title and abstract changed; its new
structure reflects the final version of a main paper plus appendices
containing mathematical detail
Editorial: advances in understanding marine heatwaves and their impacts
© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Benthuysen, J. A., Oliver, E. C. J., Chen, K., & Wernberg, T. Editorial: advances in understanding marine heatwaves and their impacts. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, (2020): 147, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00147.Editorial on the Research Topic
Advances in Understanding Marine Heatwaves and Their Impacts
In recent years, prolonged, extremely warm water events, known as marine heatwaves, have featured prominently around the globe with their disruptive consequences for marine ecosystems. Over the past decade, marine heatwaves have occurred from the open ocean to marginal seas and coastal regions, including the unprecedented 2011 Western Australia marine heatwave (Ningaloo Niño) in the eastern Indian Ocean (e.g., Pearce et al., 2011), the 2012 northwest Atlantic marine heatwave (Chen et al., 2014), the 2012 and 2015 Mediterranean Sea marine heatwaves (Darmaraki et al., 2019), the 2013/14 western South Atlantic (Rodrigues et al., 2019) and 2017 southwestern Atlantic marine heatwave (Manta et al., 2018), the persistent 2014–2016 “Blob” in the North Pacific (Bond et al., 2015; Di Lorenzo and Mantua, 2016), the 2015/16 marine heatwave spanning the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean to the Coral Sea (Benthuysen et al., 2018), and the Tasman Sea marine heatwaves in 2015/16 (Oliver et al., 2017) and 2017/18 (Salinger et al., 2019). These events have set new records for marine heatwave intensity, the temperature anomaly exceeding a climatology, and duration, the sustained period of extreme temperatures. We have witnessed the profound consequences of these thermal disturbances from acute changes to marine life to enduring impacts on species, populations, and communities (Smale et al., 2019).
These marine heatwaves have spurred a diversity of research spanning the methodology of identifying and quantifying the events (e.g., Hobday et al., 2016) and their historical trends (Oliver et al., 2018), understanding their physical mechanisms and relationships with climate modes (e.g., Holbrook et al., 2019), climate projections (Frölicher et al., 2018), and understanding the biological impacts for organisms and ecosystem function and services (e.g., Smale et al., 2019). By using sea surface temperature percentiles, temperature anomalies can be quantified based on their local variability and account for the broad range of temperature regimes in different marine environments. For temperatures exceeding a 90th-percentile threshold beyond a period of 5-days, marine heatwaves can be classified into categories based on their intensity (Hobday et al., 2018). While these recent advances have provided the framework for understanding key aspects of marine heatwaves, a challenge lies ahead for effective integration of physical and biological knowledge for prediction of marine heatwaves and their ecological impacts.
This Research Topic is motivated by the need to understand the mechanisms for how marine heatwaves develop and the biological responses to thermal stress events. This Research Topic is a collection of 18 research articles and three review articles aimed at advancing our knowledge of marine heatwaves within four themes. These themes include methods for detecting marine heatwaves, understanding their physical mechanisms, seasonal forecasting and climate projections, and ecological impacts.We thank the contributing authors, reviewers, and the editorial staff at Frontiers in Marine Science for their support in producing this issue. We thank the Marine Heatwaves Working Group (http://www.marineheatwaves.org/) for inspiration and discussions. This special issue stemmed from the session on Advances in Understanding Marine Heat Waves and Their Impacts at the 2018 Ocean Sciences meeting (Portland, USA)
Discounts and Consumer Search Behavior: The Role of Framing
We implement a simple two-shop search model in the laboratory with the aim to investigate if consumers behave differently in equivalent situations, where prices are displayed either as net prices or as gross prices with discounts. We compare treatments, where we either depict the known price of the first shop or the initially uncertain price of the second shop as a gross price with a discount, with treatments without discounts. We ind that subjects search less in both treatments with discounts. Hence, we conclude that retailers can use this framing effect in order to reduce the competitiveness in their market, since decreased search intensities dampen competitive pressure
Oxygen-vacancy-mediated Negative Differential Resistance in La and Mg co-substituted BiFeO3 Thin Film
The conductive characteristics of Bi0.9La0.1Fe0.96Mg0.04O3(BLFM) thin film
are investigated at various temperatures and a negative differential resistance
(NDR) is observed in the thin film, where a leakage current peak occurs upon
application of a downward electric field above 80 oC. The origin of the NDR
behavior is shown to be related to the ionic defect of oxygen vacancies (VO..)
present in the film. On the basis of analyzing the leakage mechanism and
surface potential behavior, the NDR behavior can be understood by considering
the competition between the polarized distribution and neutralization of VO..
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