A Probit Model of NLRB Bargaining Order Cases in the Appellate Courts

This study examines NLRB bargaining orders that have gone to appeals courts and ascertains what factors influence whether or not the order is enforced and to what degree these factors influence the likelihood of enforcement. Substantial information has been collected from each reported appellate decision that reviewed NLRB bargaining orders issued over a four-year period. A probit regression model is employed to examine whether factors related to an employer\u27s unfair labor practice campaign are involved in the circuit court\u27s enforcement decisions or if more weight is given to unrelated factors, such as the circuit in which the appeal is heard or the amount of judicial delay involved in the appeals process

A Probit Model of NLRB Bargaining Order Cases in the Appellate Courts

This study examines NLRB bargaining orders that have gone to appeals courts and ascertains what factors influence whether or not the order is enforced and to what degree these factors influence the likelihood of enforcement. Substantial information has been collected from each reported appellate decision that reviewed NLRB bargaining orders issued over a four-year period. A probit regression model is employed to examine whether factors related to an employer\u27s unfair labor practice campaign are involved in the circuit court\u27s enforcement decisions or if more weight is given to unrelated factors, such as the circuit in which the appeal is heard or the amount of judicial delay involved in the appeals process

Foreign Reserve Management and Economic Growth in Nigeria, 1990-2018

The management, administration and utilization of Foreign External Reserves- foreign currency deposits of the apex bank (Central Banks) or other monetary or financial institutions has been a major macroeconomic challenge especially for developing economies like Nigeria. Over the past three decades, Nigeria has witnessed fluctuations in its reserve accumulation and taken numerous policy measures in the management of its external reserves. This study investigated the impact of foreign reserve accumulation and the country’s reserve management policies on its economic growth for the period 1990 to 2018. Secondary data from the United Nations Center for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), World Bank, IMF and Index Mundi Statistical Bulletin were used in the study. The data were subjected to unit root test, cointegration test and Granger Causality tests, The tests revealed that all the variables were integrated at I(1) and are cointegrated. The ECM result showed a long run relationship among the variables in our model. The OLS regression result shows an inverse and insignificant relationship between reserve accumulation and the country’s economic growth. The Reserve to GDP ratio of the country is found to be so low and significantly inversely related to the GDP per capita. Other variables in our model- MPR, BOP, FDI and Foreign Remittances were all found to have positive relationship with the MPR and Exchange rate found to be insignificant. The Granger Causality test shows that exchange rate ad foreign remittances are the dominant variables in our model. The study recommends a holistic reappraisal of the country’s exchange reserve policy, a judicious and sustainable use of foreign reserve and need to strengthen the domestic capital market. Keywords: Balance of Payment, Foreign Reserve Management, Foreign Remittances, Granger Causality. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/10-18-16 Publication date:September 30th 201

School exclusion in children with psychiatric disorder or impairing psychopathology: a systematic review

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties on 20 August 2014, available online: http://wwww.tandfonline.com/10.1080/13632752.2014.945741Childhood psychiatric disorders are associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes including poor academic attainment. For some children these difficulties are recognised through school Special Educational Need procedures (SEN) but many others may remain unidentified and/or unsupported. In Britain, government data suggests disproportionate representation of children with a SEN among children permanently excluded from school. This review asks whether school-aged children with impairing psychopathology were more likely to be excluded from school than those without. Databases covering education, social sciences, psychology and medicine were searched, experts were contacted and bibliographies of key papers were hand-searched. Studies were included if the population covered school-aged children, and if validated diagnostic measures had been used to assess psychopathology. Children with impairing psychopathology had greater odds of exclusion compared to the rest of the school-age population: odds ratios range from 1.13 (95% CI: 0.55–2.33) to 45.6 (95% CI: 3.8–21.3). These findings however need to be considered in light of the paucity of the literature and methodological weaknesses discussed.National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) for the South West Peninsula

The Effects of Myelin on Macrophage Activation Are Phenotypic Specific via cPLA\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e in the Context of Spinal Cord Injury Inflammation

Spinal cord injury (SCI) produces chronic, pro-inflammatory macrophage activation that impairs recovery. The mechanisms driving this chronic inflammation are not well understood. Here, we detail the effects of myelin debris on macrophage physiology and demonstrate a novel, activation state-dependent role for cytosolic phospholipase-A2 (cPLA2) in myelin-mediated potentiation of pro-inflammatory macrophage activation. We hypothesized that cPLA2 and myelin debris are key mediators of persistent pro-inflammatory macrophage responses after SCI. To test this, we examined spinal cord tissue 28-days after thoracic contusion SCI in 3-month-old female mice and observed both cPLA2 activation and intracellular accumulation of lipid-rich myelin debris in macrophages. In vitro, we utilized bone marrow-derived macrophages to determine myelin’s effects across a spectrum of activation states. We observed phenotype-specific responses with myelin potentiating only pro-inflammatory (LPS + INF-γ; M1) macrophage activation, whereas myelin did not induce pro-inflammatory responses in unstimulated or anti-inflammatory (IL-4; M2) macrophages. Specifically, myelin increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide production in M1 macrophages as well as M1-mediated neurotoxicity. PACOCF3 (cPLA2 inhibitor) blocked myelin’s detrimental effects. Collectively, we provide novel spatiotemporal evidence that myelin and cPLA2 play an important role in the pathophysiology of SCI inflammation and the phenotype-specific response to myelin implicate diverse roles of myelin in neuroinflammatory conditions