Femtosecond polarization shaping of free-electron laser pulses

We demonstrate the generation of extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) free-electron laser (FEL) pulses with time-dependent polarization. To achieve polarization modulation on a femtosecond timescale, we combine two mutually delayed counterrotating circularly polarized subpulses from two cross-polarized undulators. The polarization profile of the pulses is probed by angle-resolved photoemission and above-threshold ionization of helium; the results agree with solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The stability limit of the scheme is mainly set by electron-beam energy fluctuations, however, at a level that will not compromise experiments in the XUV. Our results demonstrate the potential to improve the resolution and element selectivity of methods based on polarization shaping and may lead to the development of new coherent control schemes for probing and manipulating core electrons in matter

A New Docking Domain Type in the Peptide-Antimicrobial-Xenorhabdus Peptide Producing Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase from Xenorhabdus bovienii

Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) produce a wide variety of different natural products from amino acid precursors. In contrast to single protein NRPS, the NRPS of the bacterium Xenorhabdus bovienii producing the peptide-antimicrobial-Xenorhabdus (PAX) peptide consists of three individual proteins (PaxA/B/C), which interact with each other noncovalently in a linear fashion. The specific interactions between the three different proteins in this NRPS system are mediated by short C- and N-terminal docking domains ((C/N)DDs). Here, we investigate the structural basis for the specific interaction between the C DD from the protein PaxB and the (DD)-D-N from PaxC. The isolated DD peptides feature transient alpha-helical conformations in the absence of the respective DD partner. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) titration experiments showed that the two isolated DDs bind to each other and form a structurally well-defined complex with a dissociation constant in the micromolar range as is typical for many DD interactions. Artificial linking of this DD pair via a flexible glycine-serine (GS) linker enabled us to solve the structure of the DD complex by NMR spectroscopy. In the complex, the two DDs interact with each other by forming a three helix bundle arranged in an overall coiled-coil motif. Key interacting residues were identified in mutagenesis experiments. Overall, our structure of the PaxB (DD)-D-C/PaxC (DD)-D-N complex represents an architecturally new type of DD interaction motif