Prediction of unsteady aerodynamic loadings caused by leading edge and trailing edge control surface motions in subsonic compressible flow: Computer program description

A digital computer program has been developed to calculate unsteady loadings caused by motions of lifting surfaces with leading edge or trailing edge controls based on the subsonic kernel function approach. The pressure singularities at hinge line and side edges have been extracted analytically as a preliminary step to solving the integral equation by collocation. The program calculates generalized aerodynamic forces for user supplied deflection modes. Optional intermediate output includes pressure at an array of points, and sectional generalized forces. From one to six controls on the half span can be accommodated

Reduction of computer usage costs in predicting unsteady aerodynamic loadings caused by control surface motions: Computer program description

A digital computer program was developed to calculate unsteady loadings caused by motions of lifting surfaces with leading edge and trailing edge controls based on the subsonic kernel function approach. The pressure singularities at hinge line and side edges were extracted analytically as a preliminary step to solving the integral equation of collocation. The program calculates generalized aerodynamic forces for user supplied deflection modes. Optional intermediate output includes pressure at an array of points, and sectional generalized forces. From one to six controls on the half span can be accomodated

Prediction of unsteady aerodynamic loadings caused by leading edge and trailing edge control surface motions in subsonic compressible flow: Analysis and results

A theoretical analysis and computer program was developed for the prediction of unsteady lifting surface loadings caused by motions of leading edge and trailing edge control surfaces having sealed gaps. The final form of the downwash integral equation was formulated by isolating the singularities from the nonsingular terms and using a preferred solution process to remove and evaluate the downwash discontinuities in a systematic manner. Comparisons of theoretical and experimental pressure data are made for several control surface configurations. The comparisons indicate that reasonably accurate theoretical pressure distributions and generalized forces may be obtained for a wide variety of control surface configurations. Spanwise symmetry or antisymmetry of motion, and up to six control surfaces on each half span can be accommodated

On-Board Switching and Routing Advanced Technology Study

Future satellite communications is expected to be fully integrated into National and Global Information Infrastructures (NII/GII). These infrastructures will carry multi gigabit-per-second data rates, with integral switching and routing of constituent data elements. The satellite portion of these infrastructures must, therefore, be more than pipes through the sky. The satellite portion will also be required to perform very high speed routing and switching of these data elements to enable efficient broad area coverage to many home and corporate users. The technology to achieve the on-board switching and routing must be selected and developed specifically for satellite application within the next few years. This report presents evaluation of potential technologies for on-board switching and routing applications

Self-aligned silicidation of surround gate vertical MOSFETs for low cost RF applications

We report for the first time a CMOS-compatible silicidation technology for surround-gate vertical MOSFETs. The technology uses a double spacer comprising a polysilicon spacer for the surround gate and a nitride spacer for silicidation and is successfully integrated with a Fillet Local OXidation (FILOX) process, which thereby delivers low overlap capacitance and high drive-current vertical devices. Silicided 80-nm vertical n-channel devices fabricated using 0.5-?m lithography are compared with nonsilicided devices. A source–drain (S/D) activation anneal of 30 s at 1100 ?C is shown to deliver a channel length of 80 nm, and the silicidation gives a 60% improvement in drive current in comparison with nonsilicided devices. The silicided devices exhibit a subthreshold slope (S) of 87 mV/dec and a drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) of 80 mV/V, compared with 86 mV/dec and 60 mV/V for nonsilicided devices. S-parameter measurements on the 80-nm vertical nMOS devices give an fT of 20 GHz, which is approximately two times higher than expected for comparable lateral MOSFETs fabricated using the same 0.5-?m lithography. Issues associated with silicidation down the pillar sidewall are investigated by reducing the activation anneal time to bring the silicided region closer to the p-n junction at the top of the pillar. In this situation, nonlinear transistor turn-on is observed in drain-on-top operation and dramatically degraded drive current in source-on-top operation. This behavior is interpreted using mixed-mode simulations, which show that a Schottky contact is formed around the perimeter of the pillar when the silicided contact penetrates too close to the top S/D junction down the side of the pillar

Progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia to cervical cancer: interactions of cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 EM and glutathione s-transferase GSTM1 null genotypes and cigarette smoking.

The factors that determine progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are unknown. Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for cervical neoplasia, suggesting that polymorphism at detoxicating enzyme loci such as cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 and glutathione S-transferase GSTM1 may determine susceptibility to these cancers. We have studied the frequencies of genotypes at these loci in women suffering low-grade CIN, high-grade CIN and SCC. A non-cancer control group was provided by women with normal cervical histology suffering menorrhagia. Comparison of the frequency distributions of the CYP2D6 PM, HET and EM genotypes (G-->A transition at intron 3/exon 4 and base pair deletion in exon 5) revealed no significant differences between the menorrhagia and SCC groups. Frequency distributions in the menorrhagia group, however, were significantly different (P < 0.04) from those in the low- and high-grade CIN groups. Thus, the proportion of EM was significantly larger (P < 0.03) and of HET generally lower. We found that the frequency of GSTM1 null in the menorrhagia and case groups was not significantly different. Interactive effects of enzyme genotypes with cigarette smoking were studied by comparing the multinomial frequency distributions of CYP2D6 EM/GSTM1 null/smoking over mutually exclusive categories. These showed no significant differences between the menorrhagia group and SCC or low-grade CIN groups. The frequency distribution in high-grade CIN, however, was significantly different to that in the menorrhagia group and in both SCC and low-grade CIN groups. This study was identified, for the first time, an inherited characteristic in women with high-grade CIN who appear to be at reduced risk of SCC. Thus, women with CYP2D6 EM who smoke have increased susceptibility to high-grade CIN but are less likely to progress to SCC, possibly because they effectively detoxify an unidentified chemical involved in mediating disease progression

Note and Comment

The Right of Joint Adventurers, Holding All the Stock of a corporation, to a Dissolution and Accounting in Equity; Liability of Water Companies for Losses by Fire in Actions of Tort; Judgments as contracts and the Effect of Motive in Creating a Tort; Intervening Agency as an Element in Determining Proximate Cause; Application of Michigan Statute for the Benefit of Laborers and Materialmen on Public Works and the Right of Third Parties to Sue; Marketable Title