The cerebellum could solve the motor error problem through error increase prediction

We present a cerebellar architecture with two main characteristics. The first one is that complex spikes respond to increases in sensory errors. The second one is that cerebellar modules associate particular contexts where errors have increased in the past with corrective commands that stop the increase in error. We analyze our architecture formally and computationally for the case of reaching in a 3D environment. In the case of motor control, we show that there are synergies of this architecture with the Equilibrium-Point hypothesis, leading to novel ways to solve the motor error problem. In particular, the presence of desired equilibrium lengths for muscles provides a way to know when the error is increasing, and which corrections to apply. In the context of Threshold Control Theory and Perceptual Control Theory we show how to extend our model so it implements anticipative corrections in cascade control systems that span from muscle contractions to cognitive operations.Comment: 34 pages (without bibliography), 13 figure

GPT-4 as an interface between researchers and computational software: improving usability and reproducibility

Large language models (LLMs) are playing an increasingly important role in science and engineering. For example, their ability to parse and understand human and computer languages makes them powerful interpreters and their use in applications like code generation are well-documented. We explore the ability of the GPT-4 LLM to ameliorate two major challenges in computational materials science: i) the high barriers for adoption of scientific software associated with the use of custom input languages, and ii) the poor reproducibility of published results due to insufficient details in the description of simulation methods. We focus on a widely used software for molecular dynamics simulations, the Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS), and quantify the usefulness of input files generated by GPT-4 from task descriptions in English and its ability to generate detailed descriptions of computational tasks from input files. We find that GPT-4 can generate correct and ready-to-use input files for relatively simple tasks and useful starting points for more complex, multi-step simulations. In addition, GPT-4's description of computational tasks from input files can be tuned from a detailed set of step-by-step instructions to a summary description appropriate for publications. Our results show that GPT-4 can reduce the number of routine tasks performed by researchers, accelerate the training of new users, and enhance reproducibility.Comment: 22 pages, 7 figure

Footprints of an exhalative smoker activity lithified at the sulfide horizon of Cerdeirinha ore body, Caminha, northern Portugal

Na mina da Cerdeirinha ocorrem minérios de tungsténio, que embora relacionáveis com metassomatismo, na sua origem primordial, tiveram a actividade vulcanogénica Silúrica. Existem evidências texturais restíticas e assinaturas mineralógicas e geoquímicas que sugerem a importância de uma descarga metalífera, exalativa e primordial. No Talude Sul da Corta da Cerdeirinha estão litificados alguns dispositivos estruturais correlacionáveis com anatomias fumarolianas - tubos de sulfato/sulfureto equivalentes a “smokers pelo menos do ponto de vista funcional - numa transição litológica entre sulfureto maciço e “rocha verde” siliciosa. Aqui, predominam os sulfuretos de Fe, sulfatos de Ca, apatite, anfíbola e mineralizações polimetálicas de W, Fe, As, Bi > (Au), Te, Zn, Cu, Pb. A scheelite é ubíqua e por vezes num intervalo espacial curto, alterna entre paragéneses formadas em condições oxidantes, com ilmenite, e outras formadas em condições redutoras, com sulfuretos intersticiais. Os critérios adoptados parecem conjugar-se no sentido da identificação de uma interface SEDEX com polaridade exalativa normal.At Cerdeirinha mine, tungsten mineralization, although related to metassomatism, may be considered partially related to Silurian volcanic activity. There are resthitic textures and mineralogical and geochemical signatures suggesting the importance of an initial metal discharge of exhalative type. At the southern slope of Cerdeirinha open pit, several smoker anatomies are lithified at the lithologic transition between massive sulphide and green silica rock. Iron sulphides are the main constituents plus anhydrite, amphibole and polimetallic mineralization of W, Fe, As, Bi > (Au), Te, Zn, Cu, Pb. Scheelite is ubiquitous, and sometimes, in a narrow space and time interval, its association oscillates between, oxidative assemblages with typomorphic ilmenite and, reductive assemblages with interstitial sulphides. The adopted criteria are consistent with the definition here of a SEDEX interface with normal exhalative polarity

Constant-Time Communication for Information Retrieval Systems

The construction of write-ahead logging is a robust grand challenge. In fact, few biologists would disagree with the synthesis of RPCs, demonstrates the intuitive importance of steganography. In our research we show not only that the foremost virtual algorithm for the de- velopment of Scheme is in Co-NP, but that the same is true for suffix trees

Normativa y práctica en evaluación inclusiva. Análisis de actores, interacciones e instituciones en cuatro escuelas primarias, desde la teoría fundamentada

La evaluación inclusiva se define como un enfoque de la evaluación en los centros regulares, en donde la política y la práctica están estructuradas para promover el aprendizaje de todo el alumnado, a través de un proceso sistemático y riguroso de atención docente. La política puede evidenciarse en la normativa, los sistemas de apoyo y los valores compartidos (creencias, actitudes, supuestos); y las prácticas en los procesos, estrategias y recursos utilizados. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar cómo la normativa y la práctica en evaluación inclusiva pueden contribuir a un proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje eficaz. El tipo de estudio es descriptivo, con un enfoque cualitativo, bajo el método de la Teoría Fundamentada, a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas y observaciones no participantes a ocho profesores elegidos por conveniencia. Los resultados evidencian que la evaluación inclusiva se realiza en los términos mínimos posibles y que persisten prácticas integrativas y tradicionales junto a algunos elementos inclusivos. Aun cuando la normativa prevé el desarrollo de una educación con calidad y equidad, esta no ha logrado consolidarse. Se constatan algunas prácticas inclusivas, pero no hay todavía conciencia de que eso implique o signifique una evaluación inclusiva. Por su parte, el papel de los y las docentes sigue siendo fundamental en la implementación y desarrollo de la educación inclusiva en general y de la evaluación inclusiva, en particular. En ello, la formación inicial normalista presenta lagunas y ausencias formativas importantes que necesitan ser atendidas. El estudio no puede ser generalizable, pero da cuenta puntual del estado que guarda la evaluación inclusiva en Colima, México, por lo que sus implicaciones para el diseño de la política local pueden ser recuperables

Hydrothermal tungstates of Serra de Arga, northern Portugal: Relation to Be mineralization

Cristais primários de scheelite e volframite mostram composições similares quando se comparam os índices primordiais atribuídos a pré – concentrações de tungsténio exalativas (SEDEX) e metassomáticas do Domo de Covas com as mineralizações hidrotermais subsequentes alojadas em cisalhamentos. As volframites metassomáticas, de remobilização, e as que estão em interface com minerais hidrotermais de baixa temperatura, apresentam maiores conteúdos de molécula ferberítica. A stolzite é o tungstato estável perante a mineralização de Pb-Bi-Ag que ocorre na nos cisalhamentos tardios. Em paragénese com este tungstato ocorre raspite e uma assinatura berilífera representada por bertrandite e/ou esmeralda (berilo vanadífero). Nos mesmos cisalhamentos, a transição de volframite e scheelite para stolzite, nos episódios deformacionais mais tardios, tem equivalência no fenómeno de diluição aurífera que é atribuído aos fluidos parentais da mineralização de electrum. Assim, em condições hidrotermais de baixa temperatura e em espaços dilatacionais tardios ocorrem, em equivalência paragenética, electrum, ferberite, stolzite-raspite, bertrandite e berilo vanadífero (esmeralda).Primary crystals of scheelite and wolframite have similar compositions when the earlier SEDEX to metassomatic mineralizations of Covas Antiform are compared to the late hydrothermal assemblages hosted in shear zones. Late metassomatic and remobilization related wolframites, as well as those in contact with hydrothermal assemblages of low temperature hold higher contents of ferberitic molecule. Stolzite is the stable tungstate in presence of Pb-Bi-Ag mineralization in late shear environments. In the same paragenesis, raspite, bertrandite and/or emerald (vanadian beryl) may occur. At the same shear domains, the late-stage transition from wolframite and scheelite to stolzite is paragenetically equivalent to the Au dilution phenomenon attributed to electrum-generating fluids. Thus, at a lowtemperature hydrothermal stage and inside late-dilatational spaces, electrum, ferberite, stolzite, bertrandite and emerald do precipitate in the same conditions

Evaluating Diversity and Inclusion Content on Graduate Medical Education Websites.

UNLABELLED: Websites are important tools for programs to provide future residency applicants with freely accessible information regarding their program, including diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives. OBJECTIVE: To describe the variability of DEI content in residency programs and compare DEI website content by specialty. METHODS: Using the 2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) list of residency programs, residency training websites were identified and evaluated. Information was extracted from program websites as indicators of DEI content. Chi-square analysis and one-way ANOVA were chosen to assess for statistical differences. RESULTS: In total, 4644 program websites representing 26 specialties were assessed. Among all the programs, the average DEI completeness of a program website was 6.1±14.6% (range 0-100%). While 6.2% of all programs had a diversity webpage, only 13.3% included a commitment to DEI, and few programs (2.7%) provided information about underrepresented in medicine (URiM) faculty. CONCLUSIONS: Graduate medical education programs can enhance information for current and prospective applicants about DEI initiatives on their websites. Including DEI initiatives on residency websites may improve diversity recruitment efforts

Importancia agroecológica del coyul (Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart.)

Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart. es una especie que se extiende desde el Pacífico mexicano hasta Centro y Sudamérica. El fruto (coyul) es apreciado desde la época prehispánica, sin embargo, su consumo ha disminuido frente a otros frutos nativos y así como de los introducidos con mayor aceptación en el mercado. Se realizó un estudio en San Blas, Nayarit, México, en el que se llevó a cabo la caracterización de un agroecosistema típico donde se explotan poblaciones silvestres y cultivadas de coyul de forma tradicional y se resaltó la importancia económica, ecológica y cultural de la especie. Asimismo, se realizó la caracterización fisicoquímica del fruto; la pulpa y la semilla son fuente principalmente de grasas. De esta especie se pueden obtener subproductos tales como aceites comestibles, alimento para ganado, artesanías, entre otros; igualmente se exponen alternativas de uso llevadas a cabo por otras regiones y países que puedan conducir a conservar espacios ecológicos y culturales

Effect of Modified Pin Profile and Process Parameters on the Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy 6061-T6

This work deals with the effect of a new “bolt-head” pin profile on the friction stir welding performance of the aluminum alloy 6061-T6, compared to traditional pin profiles. Friction stir welding parameters such as the tool rotation speed and the welding speed were investigated together with the different pin profiles; the results show that the new “bolt-head” pin profile leads to better mechanical properties of welded specimens. The pin profiles used in this work were the straight square (SS), straight hexagon (SH), taper cylindrical (TC), and the straight hexagon “bolt-head” (SHBH). It was found that the last pin profile improves the material flow behavior and the uniform distribution of plastic deformation and reduces the formation of macroscopic defects on the welded zone. Mechanical tensile tests on welded specimens were performed to determine the tensile strength: the specimens welded with the SHBH pin profile have shown the highest mechanical properties. An approach is presented for material flow on this aluminum alloy using the SHBH pin profile, which is related to the improvement on the resulting mechanical properties