Preliminary Real-World Evaluation of an Intervention for Parents of Adolescents: The Open Door Approach to Parenting Teenagers (APT)

Most parenting interventions report high dropout rates for parents who exhibit clinically high levels of stress and/or are parents of adolescents with severe emotional and/or behavioral difficulties. The objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the feasibility and real-world effectiveness of the Open Door Approach to Parenting Teenagers (APT), a six-session individually delivered face-to-face intervention for typically hard to engage parents of 11 to 21-year-olds. A one-group, pre-post evaluation design was adopted due to the naturalistic clinic-based setting of the study. Participants were 279 parents reporting clinical levels of stress relating to parenting an adolescent. Parents receiving the APT intervention demonstrated lower dropout rates than other parenting programs and reported high scores across several items relating to service satisfaction. The APT intervention was associated with significant reductions in parental stress and improvements in parent-adolescent relationships immediately post-intervention. Findings suggest that parents found the APT intervention acceptable and beneficial, and further suggest that the intervention is feasible and effective in retaining hard to engage parents. Moreover, preliminary findings suggest that the APT intervention is a promising intervention that may support parents who fail to engage in group programs. However, further research is required to establish the efficacy of the intervention

Expression of the Aeluropus littoralis AlSAP gene enhances rice yield under field drought at the reproductive stage

We evaluated the yields of Oryza sativa L. 'Nipponbare' rice lines expressing a gene encoding an A20/AN1 domain stress-associated protein, AlSAP, from the halophyte grass Aeluropus littoralis under the control of different promoters. Three independent field trials were conducted, with drought imposed at the reproductive stage. In all trials, the two transgenic lines, RN5 and RN6, consistently out-performed non-transgenic (NT) and wild-type (WT) controls, providing 50–90% increases in grain yield (GY). Enhancement of tillering and panicle fertility contributed to this improved GY under drought. In contrast with physiological records collected during previous greenhouse dry-down experiments, where drought was imposed at the early tillering stage, we did not observe significant differences in photosynthetic parameters, leaf water potential, or accumulation of antioxidants in flag leaves of AlSAP-lines subjected to drought at flowering. However, AlSAP expression alleviated leaf rolling and leaf drying induced by drought, resulting in increased accumulation of green biomass. Therefore, the observed enhanced performance of the AlSAP-lines subjected to drought at the reproductive stage can be tentatively ascribed to a primed status of the transgenic plants, resulting from a higher accumulation of biomass during vegetative growth, allowing reserve remobilization and maintenance of productive tillering and grain filling. Under irrigated conditions, the overall performance of AlSAP-lines was comparable with, or even significantly better than, the NT and WT controls. Thus, AlSAP expression inflicted no penalty on rice yields under optimal growth conditions. Our results support the use of AlSAP transgenics to reduce rice GY losses under drought conditions. (Résumé d'auteur

Arroz más nutritivo contra la desnutrición en América Latina

More nutritive rice against malnutrition in Latin America Three topics are addressed briefly: (1) information available on the Fe and Zn contents of the grain of 11 rice cultivars; (2) factors affecting its contents; and (3) a plant breeding strategy proposed to increase the nutritional value of rice in Latin America. The data obtained are backed up by results obtained by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and reveal significant differences among cultivars regarding rice grain Fe and Zn contents in both rough and polished rice. Acceptable Fe and Zn contents were also observed in several commercial varieties; these, however, were never selected to improve this aspect of nutritional quality. Recent scientific data indicate that plant breeding is an effective and reliable tool of reasonable cost to develop improved germplasm with a better nutritional value than current varieties. Research conducted by IRRI, within the framework of the HarvestPlus project, and by CIAT, through the AgroSalud project, indicates that genetic variability does exist in rice regarding grain Fe and Zn contents. In conclusion, it is considered feasible to improve the nutritional quality of rice in Latin America, and advances have been made in several areas.Se tratan brevemente tres temas: 1) la información disponible sobre el contenido de hierro (Fe) y zinc (Zn) del grano en 11 cultivares de arroz; 2) los factores que afectan ese contenido; y 3) una estrategia de fitomejoramiento que se propone para incrementar el valor nutricional del arroz en América Latina. Los datos obtenidos, que son sustentados por los resultados del Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones sobre el Arroz (IRRI), indican diferencias significativas entre los cultivares respecto al contenido de Fe y de Zn del grano, tanto en el arroz integral como en el arroz pulido. Se observó además un contenido aceptable de Fe y de Zn en algunas variedades comerciales; éstas, sin embargo, nunca fueron seleccionadas para mejorar este aspecto de su calidad nutricional. Datos científicos recientes indican que el fitomejoramiento es una herramienta eficaz, confiable y de costo razonable para desarrollar germoplasma mejorado, cuyo valor nutricional sea mayor que el de las variedades corrientes. Las investigaciones realizadas por el IRRI, en el marco del proyecto HarvestPlus, y por el CIAT, a través del proyecto AgroSalud, indican que hay variabilidad genética en el arroz respecto al contenido de Fe y de Zn de su grano. En conclusión, se considera que es factible mejorar la calidad nutricional del arroz en América Latina, tarea en la que se ha logrado avanzar en diversas direcciones

Microstructure of Nunas: Andean Popping Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)

Nunas, popping beans (Phaseous vulgaris L.), burst and expand when heated rapidly. Differences in seed microstructure between popping and conventional (non-popping) bean genotypes conceivably contribute to popping in nunas However, the microstructural characteristics which contribute to the popping attribute and sites of expansion have not been identified. Seeds and excised cotyledons of unpopped and popped nunas were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Protoplasts of unpopped nunas were similar to protoplasts of conventional beans. Intercellular spaces of unpopped nunas were occluded by schizogenous cell walls. The occluded form of intercellular spaces differed distinctively from the open form in popped nunas and untreated conventional beans. The expansion of cotyledon mesophyll in popped nunas came primarily from expansion of cell walls and secondarily by expansion of the intercellular spaces. Cell wall thickness and dimensions of protoplasts were not changed during popping. Expansion of cell walls away from protoplasts created intracellular voids. SEM images indicated that starch granules (grains) in popped nunas were generally not altered by popping. Starch granules did not gelatinize or melt during popping as indicated by retention of birefringence. In contrast to popcorn (Zea mays L.), starch granules did not contribute to expansion of popped nuna cotyledons