Bellotti, Anthony C.

Mazo Vargas, A.

Ospina, C.M.

Peck, D.C.

Rodríguez Chalarca, Jairo

Salamanca, L.

Tohme, Joseph M.

CGSpace

Field evaluation of the impact of Bt-cotton on non-target soil arthropods in Colombia during 2003 to 2005Jairo Rodriguez Ch.1 , Claudia M. Ospina1 , Anyimilehidi Mazo V1, Leidy Salamanca1, Daniel C. Peck2, Joe Tohme1 and Anthony Bellotti11 International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), AA6713, Cali, Colombia 2 Dept. Entomology, NYSAES, Cornell University, Geneva, USAThe incorporation of genetically modified (GM) crops in agriculturehas been rapid and impressive (James 2008). During 2008 theglobal GM area reached 125 million hectares (308 millions acres).While it took ten years for this technology to be adopted across thefirst billion acres, the second billion acres were reached in only threeyears. At present, 25 countries have adopted the use of GM crops,of which 15 are developing countries and the others industrialized.Colombia is not exempt from this situation. Since approval andcommercial release of Bt-cotton (Nucotn 33B) in 2003, the areaincreased from 6,200 ha harvested in the 2003-2004 growing cycle,to 26,000 ha in 2008. Despite this level of acceptance by growers,the situation has generated a series of questions at the national levelrelated to what benefits and costs the incorporation of new GMtechnologies will have for Colombian agriculture.Among these concerns is the possible effect that the implementationof Bollgard® technology may have on non-target soil arthropods.For this reason, there is a need to conduct studies in cotton regionsof Colombia to establish the possible effects of these technologieson non-target soil arthropods over time, based on rigorous scientificfield studies.MATERIALS AND METHODS  In collaboration with ICA’s division of Agricultural Regulation andProtection, we initiated field studies for the first cycle of cotton at theICA research station in Palmira, located at 03°31'N, 76°19'W, 975 melevation, annual precipitation 1295 mm, mean temperature 24oC,relative humidity 76%, and corresponding to the Holdridge life zoneof Dry Tropical Forest.Evaluations were conducted within the methodology implemented byICA to evaluate the effect of Bollgard® technology on arthropodpopulations in cotton crops grown in the departments of Tolima,Huila and Valle del Cauca.The experimental units were plots measuring 225 m2 (15 x 15 m) in acompletely randomized block design. Each block had 6 plots for atotal of 24 plots under evaluation. Plant material was (1) Bollgard®technology represented by the variety NuCotn 33B that contains theCry1A(c), and (2) the conventional technology represented byvariety DP 5415.Sampling: Information was gathered from two types of samples:pitfall traps and soil cores extracted in berlese funnels. Pitfall trapswere located between plants within the rows; eight were set out ineach experimental plot (Fig. 1) and these were opened to samplingfor a 24-hour period each week. In addition to the pitfall traps, a cupcutter was used to take soil samples every 2 weeks. The cup cutterhad a diameter of 10 cm and the sample was taken to a depth of 10cm in the row between plants (Fig. 2). Field samples were brought tothe laboratory for their processing on the same day (Fig. 3).INTRODUCTION  Figure 1. (A) Fixed and removable components and (B) lid of thepitfall traps in the field.RESULTS  Arthropod Taxonomic Composition. During the three cycles ofevaluation (2003-2005), 1,573,041 specimens were capturedrepresenting 22 orders and 10 taxonomic classes (Table 1, 2). Themost abundant class was Aracnida with 59.0% total individualscaptured (Table 1). Of all individuals captured, 50.4% of those wereassociated with Bt cotton and 49.6% with conventional cotton (Table1). Of the 22 identified orders, the most abundant were Acari andPoduromorpha with 58.9 and 19.9%, respectively. During the threecycles differences between treatments are not evident for each ofthe taxa identified. Of taxa identified in the three cycles, onlyChilopoda, Diplopoda, Diplura, Entomobryomorpha, Hymenopteraand Thysanoptera exhibit a significant difference in abundancebetween cycles. Of the 28 taxa identified during the three years(2003-2005), only 8 were more abundant during 2005.class DP5415 % NuCotn 33B % Total % Aracnida 483,577 61.9 445,608 56.2 929,185 59.0Chilopoda 1,680 0.2 1,595 0.2 3,275 0.2 Collembola 184,375 23.6 241,399 30.5 425,774 27.1Diplopoda 1,327 0.1 1,562 0.2 2,889 0.2Diplura 2,024 0.2 1,751 0.2 3,775 0.2 Insecta 100,286 12.9 94,458 11.9 194,744 12.4Malocostraca 215 0.0 253 0.0 468 0.0Pauropoda 1,382 0.1 1,194 0.1 2,576 0.2 Protura 220 0.0 176 0.0 396 0.0Symphyla 5,382 0.7 4,577 0.6 9,959 0.6Total 780,468 100 792,573 100 1,573,041 100  Table 1. Number of individuals and composition of arthropod classescaught in Pitfall traps and Berlese funnels in cotton, during2003 to 2005 in the Cauca Valley, Colombia.Table 2. Abundance of arthropods (mean ± S.E. number of individuals caught per evaluation date) associated with cotton, during 2003 and 2004 in the Cauca Valley, Colombia.CONCLUSIONS  • These studies have identified a high abundance and diversity ofsoil-active and surface-active fauna associated with cotton cropsunder the conditions of the Cauca Valley, Colombia.• Pitfall traps are an appropriate method for measuring theabundance of surface-active arthropods and comparing theiractivity and diversity across treatments.• Extracting soil cores with berlese funnels is an appropriate methodfor measuring the abundance of soil-active arthropods andcomparing their activity and diversity across treatments.• No significant differences were observed in abundance betweenthe treatments during three evaluation cycles.• 17 of the identified taxa did not exhibit a significant difference inabundance across cycles (2003-2005).• Although abundance and diversity differences may exist inresponse to GM technology, it is important to determine whetherthe magnitude of those differences is ecologically relevant, i.e.have an effect on ecological function or overall soil health.REFERENCES  Taxa Between treatments Between samples Between cycles DP 5415 NuCotn Pitfall Berlese 2003 2004 2005 Acarina 59.8±1.7a  55.2±1.6a 14.5±0.4b 272.5±5a 30.2±1.0c 82.7±3.2b 78.4±2.3a Aranae 0.1±0.0a 0.1±0.0a 0.1±0.0a 0.1±0.0a 0.1±0.0c 0.2±0.0b 0.2±0.1a Blattaria 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0b Chilopoda1 0.2±0.0a 0.2±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 1.2±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.3±0.0a 0.4±0.0a Coleoptera 0.4±0.0a 0.4±0.0a 0.1±0.0b 1.5±0.1a 0.4±0.0b 0.4±0.0a 0.4±0.0a Dermaptera 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a Diplopoda1 0.2±0.0a 0.2±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 1.0±0.1a 0.0±0.0c 0.1±0.0b 0.5±0.0a Diplura1 0.3±0.0a 0.2±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 1.4±0.0a 0.1±0.0c 0.3±0.0b 0.5±0.0a Diptera 0.2±0.0a 0.1±0.0a 0.1±0.0b 0.6±0.0a 0.2±0.0c 0.1±0.0b 0.2±0.0a Entomobryomorpha 7.5±0.3a 6.4±0.3a 0.9±0.0b 37.4±1.0a 6.1±0.3c 7.2±0.4a 8.0±0.4b Hemiptera 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a Homoptera 0.5±0.0a 0.5±0.0a 0.5±0.0b 1.0±0.1a 0.5±0.0b 1.0±0.0a 0.2±0.0c Hymenoptera 11.2±0.5a 10.6±0.5a 10.1±0.4b 14.6±1.3a 21.9±0.8a 1.9±0.2b 1.2±0.3c Isopoda 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.1±0.0a 0.1±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0b Lepidoptera 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.2±0.0a 0.1±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a Mantodea 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0b Neelipleona 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.2±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0b Neuroptera 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a Orthoptera 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a Pauropoda1 1.0±0.1a 0.9±0.1a 0.0±0.0b 1.0±0.0a 0.5±0.1c 0.4±0.0b 1.8±0.1a Poduromorpha 15.3±1.9a 23.5±2.6a 21.9±1.9b 6.7±0.3a 31.6±3.0a 17.3±2.9a 1.0±0.1b Protura1 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.1±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0a 0.1±0.0a Psocoptera 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.1±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a Strepsiptera 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a Symphyla1 0.7±0.0a 0.6±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 3.7±0.1a 0.7±0.0c 0.8±0.0a 0.4±0.0b Symphypleona 0.0±0.0a 0.1±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.1±0.0a 0.1±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0a Thysanoptera 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.1±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0c Thysanura 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a Unidentified 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.0±0.0b 0.2±0.0a 0.0±0.0a 0.1±0.0b 0.0±0.0c  • Evaluate the long-term effect of Bollgard® technology on non-target soil arthropods in field plots.• Generate information on the species richness of soil arthropodsassociated with transgenic and non-transgenic cotton in the CaucaValley.OBJECTIVESACKNOWLEDGMENTS   DIAZ, A.L. 2003. Situación de los organismos modificadosgenéticamente en la República de Colombia. Informe al ConsejoTécnico Nacional de Bioseguridad (CTN). pp. 8.CIAT (CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE AGRICULTURA TROPICAL).2005. Annual Report Project PE-1. Integrated Pest and DiseaseManagement in Major Agroecosystems. Cali, Colombia.JAMES, CLIVE. 2008. Global status of commercialized biotech/GMcrops : 2008. ISAAA Brief No. 39. ISAAA: Ithaca, N.Y.MAZO, A. 2005. Efecto del algodón Bt sobre la diversidad yabundancia de artrópodos del suelo durante su segundo año en elValle del Cauca. Cali, Colombia. Universidad del Valle, Facultadde Ciencias. 67p. .RODRIGUEZ, CH. J. & D.C. PECK. 2004. Diversidad y abundanciade artrópodos del suelo en algodón Bt (NuCotn 33B) y algodónconvencional (DP 5415) en el Valle del Cauca. In Memorias, XXXICongreso de la Sociedad Colombiana de Entomología, Bogotá,Colombia. p. 115-124.We thank Ana Luisa Díaz (ICA), Gerson Fabio V. Oscar Yela, JuanBosco, James Silva (CIAT), John Losey and Leslie Allee (Cornell).Funding for this work was provided by USAID (Biotechnology andBiodiversity Interface).Table 3. Number of individuals and composition of arthropod orderscaught in Pitfall traps and Berlese funnels in cotton, during2003 and 2004 in the Cauca Valley, Colombia.Only the orders Coleoptera, Diplura, Entomobryomorpha andHemiptera exhibited a significant difference in abundance betweentreatments; they were all more abundant in DP5415 (Table 3).Arthropod Taxonomic Diversity: The species richness andShannon indices were not significantly different between thetreatments NuCotn 33B and DP5415. The Simpson index showeddominance for one species, presenting the same value (0.4) forDP5415 and NuCotn 33B. Finally, in the comparison of diversityacross the three cycles (2003 to 2005), no significant differenceswere observed in richness based on the taxa identified. TheSimpson index did not differ across the three cycles of evaluation.The value of the equality index showed a tendency for greaterdiversity in the surveys conducted in 2003.Pitfall traps: Over all three cycles (2003-2005), 650,777 individualswere captured, representing 19 orders and 4 classes of arthropods(Table 3). Of all individuals captured, 54.8% were from Bt cotton and45.2% from conventional cotton. Of the 19 orders, the mostabundant were Poduromorpha, Acari and Hymenoptera with 45.3,30.0 and 20.9% of total captures, respectively (Table 3).Abundance, in terms of individuals per order, was 1.2 times greaterin NuCotn 33B; of all orders, 10 were more abundant in DP5415(Table 3). Only the orders Chilopoda, Diptera and Isopoda exhibiteda significant difference in abundance between treatments. WhileChilopoda and Isopoda were more abundant in NuCotn 33B, Dipterawas more abundant in DP5415 (Table 3).Berlese funnels. Over all three cycles (2003-2005), 922,841individuals were captured, representing 22 orders and 6 classes ofarthropods (Table 3). Of all individuals captured, 52.8% were fromconventional cotton and 47.2% from Bt cotton. The most abundantorder was Acarina, with 79.3% of total captures; this order was 1.1times more abundant in DP5415.In addition, the most abundant groups were analyzed by measuringthe area under the population curve (accumulated insect-days) todetermine differences betweeb treatments over the course of the trial.Various indices of taxonomic diversity, dominance and equity werealso used to assess differences between treatments.1TaxonomicClass (Including for analysis)For each row, means followed by different letters are statistically different at P<0.05 (Tukey-Kramer testfor multiple comparisons).Knowledge Sharing Week (KSW)(June 2009, CIAT, Colombia)BA BFigure. 2. Field collection of samples using a “lever action holecutter” for extraction of arthropods in berlese funnels.A BAFigure. 3. Cleaning and storage of samples in the laboratory.Analysis of information: The statistical model used for dataanalysis was a completely randomized block design. With thisdesign an ANOVA was used to test for differences in arthropodabundance between treatments.Taxa Pitfall traps Berlese funnels DP 5415 NuCotn 33B DP 5415 NuCotn 33B Acarina 96,590a 98,845a 385,783a 345,865a Aranae 1,057a 774a 147a 124a Blattaria 45a 39a 21a 12a Chilopoda 9b 28a 1,671a 1,567a Coleoptera 1,010a 966a 2,176a 1,863b Dermaptera 33a 34a 18a 23a Diplopoda 92a 111a 1,235a 1,451a Diplura 33a 26a 1,991a 1,725b Diptera 668a 402b 934a 711a Entomobryomorpha 5,252a 61,77a 55,017a 4,5348b Hemiptera 113a 110a 75a 38b Homoptera 3,076a 2,980a 1,322a 1,335a Hymenoptera 70,976a 65,083a 19,035a 20,124a Isopoda 50b 119a 165a 134a Lepidoptera 59a 52a 292a 305a Mantodea 3a 2a 0a 1a Neelipleona 0a 0a 259a 202a Neuroptera 12a 16a 1a 0a Orthoptera 76a 67a 9a 9a Pauropoda 0a 0a 1,382a 1,194a Poduromorpha 114,529a 180,336a 9,145a 8,738a Protura 1a 0a 219a 176a Psocoptera 47a 24a 70a 79a Strepsiptera 0a 0a 1a 0a Symphyla 30a 28a 5,352a 4,549a Symphypleona 99a 533a 74a 65a Thysanoptera 91a 74a 121a 108a Thysanura 0a 0a 2a 1a Unidentified 0a 0a 282a 295a Sum 293,951 356,826 486,799 436,042  

Field evaluation of the impact of Bt-cotton on non-target soil arthropods in Colombia during 2003-2005

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Field evaluation of the impact of Bt-cotton on non-target soil arthropods in Colombia during 2003-2005

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