Comparación de efectos de un aditivo comercial y un encendido por descarga continua sobre las emisiones primarias de un motor de automóvil

El presente trabajo muestra un estudio comparativo de las emisiones de S02 , NOx, HCHO, CO y HC producidas por un motor Datsun 1 .5 L acoplado a un dinanómetro hidráulico. En un caso, se usó un sistema de encendido por "descarga continua" y en el otro, se usó un aditivo comercial "For Gas" marca Wynn' s. En las condiciones analizadas, el aditivo comercial mostró una mayor eficiencia en la reducción de contaminames, que el encendido electrónico. En particular, las emisiones de S02 se redujeron hasta un 20% comparativas al sistema convencional

Energy absorption and residual bending behavior of biocomposites bumper beams

This paper presents and analyzes the behavior of bumper beams made of PLA/flax composites subjected to low velocity impacts. The relevance of this material resides in the biodegradability of both fibers and matrix. Moreover, the after-impact behavior of this composite is excellent due to the absence of delamination. Impact tests have been performed using a drop weight tower within the range of impact energies 5 J ≤ Eimp ≤ 73 J. The experimental setup enabled the measuring of impact velocity, residual velocity, load-time history and failure mode. Results show that damage generated during impact produces a significant reduction of residual stiffness but the residual strength is not affected by damage generated in the range of the applied impact energies considered

Vínculos entre sostenibilidad, ecología y economía de los sistemas forestales: algunas reflexiones

Traditionally the study of the ecological and economical aspects of forestry systems has been accomplished from totally different disciplinary perspectives. This type of disciplinary separation is currently in crisis, due mainly to the arising of concepts like multiple use of forests and their sustainable management. Thus, from a perspective of multiple use the ecological and economical aspects related to the forestry systems are closely linked. In other words, to the ecological aspects underlie economical dimensions and vice versa. These interrelations between economics and ecology are specially relevant when the concept of forest systems sustainability is introduced. This paper starts reflecting on the ecological and economical dimensions that in an interlaced way underlie to the concept of sustainability. After that, a methodology for measuring the sustainability is proposed. The methodology is based upon in the aggregation of indicators of different nature that measure the goodness of a forestry system from a sustainability perspective. The application of the proposed methodology to «the Pinar» forest, provides different «rankings» of management alternatives, according to the value given to a control parameter previously defined.Tradicionalmente el estudio de los aspectos ecológicos y económicos de los sistemas forestales se ha realizado desde perspectivas disciplinares totalmente independientes. Este tipo de separación ha entrado en crisis con la aparición de conceptos como el uso múltiple de los sistemas forestales o la sostenibilidad de los mismos. Así, desde una perspectiva de uso múltiple los aspectos ecológicos y económicos de los sistemas forestales se entrelazan entre sí de una manera biunívoca. Dicho con otras palabras, a los aspectos ecológicos subyacen dimensiones económicas y viceversa. Estas interrelaciones entre economía y ecología se hacen especialmente patentes cuando se introduce el concepto de sostenibilidad de los sistemas forestales. En este trabajo, se comienza por reflexionar sobre las dimensiones ecológicas y económicas que de una manera entrelazada subyacen al concepto de sostenibilidad. Seguidamente, se propone una metodología para su medición basada en una agregación de indicadores de naturaleza económica y ecológica que miden la bondad de un sistema forestal desde una perspectiva de sostenibilidad. La aplicación de la citada metodología al monte «Pinar» muestra ordenaciones diferentes de las distintas alternativas de gestión propuestas en función de un parámetro de control previamente definido

Mechanistic Studies on Gold-Catalyzed Direct Arene C–H Bond Functionalization by Carbene Insertion: The Coinage-Metal Effect

The catalytic functionalization of the Csp 2-H bond of benzene by means of the insertion of the CHCO2Et group from ethyl diazoacetate (N2=CHCO2Et) has been studied with the series of coinage metal complexes IPrMCl (IPr = IPr = 1,3-bis(diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) and NaBArF 4 (BArF 4 = tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate). For Cu and Ag, these examples constitute the first of such metals toward this transformation, that also provides ethyl cyclohepta-2,4,6-trienecarboxylate as by-product from the so-called Buchner reaction. In the case of methyl-substituted benzenes, the reaction exclusively proceeds onto the aromatic ring, the Csp 3-H bond remaining unreacted. A significant coinage metal effect has been observed, since the gold catalyst favors the formation of the insertion product into Csp 2-H bond whereas copper and silver preferentially induce the formation of the cycloheptatriene derivative. Experimental studies and theoretical calculations have explained the observed selectivity in terms of the formation of a common Wheland intermediate, resembling an electrophilic aromatic substitution, from which the reaction pathway evolves into two separate routes to each product.We thank the Spanish MINECO for CTQ2014-52769-C3-1-R, CTQ2014-57761-R, RED INTECAT CTQ2014-52974-REDC and Severo Ochoa Excellence Accreditation 2014-2018 SEV-2013-0319 and the ICIQ Foundation for financial support

NGC 6705 a young α\alpha-enhanced Open Cluster from OCCASO data

The stellar [$\alpha$/Fe] abundance is sometimes used as a proxy for stellar age, following standard chemical evolution models for the Galaxy, as seen by different observational results. In this work we show that the Open Cluster NGC6705/M11 has a significant $\alpha$-enhancement [$\alpha$/Fe]$>0.1$ dex, despite its young age ($\sim$300 Myr), challenging the current paradigm. We use high resolution (R$>65,000$) high signal-to-noise ($\sim$70) spectra of 8 Red Clump stars, acquired within the OCCASO survey. We determine very accurate chemical abundances of several $\alpha$ elements, using an equivalent width methodology (Si, Ca and Ti), and spectral synthesis fits (Mg and O). We obtain [Si/Fe]=$0.13\pm0.05$, [Mg/Fe]=$0.14\pm0.07$, [O/Fe]=$0.17\pm0.07$, [Ca/Fe]=$0.06\pm0.05$ and [Ti/Fe]=$0.03\pm0.03$. Our results place these cluster within the group of young [$\alpha$/Fe]-enhanced field stars recently found by several authors in the literature. The ages of our stars have an uncertainty of around 50 Myr, much more precise than for field stars. By integrating the cluster's orbit in several non-axisymmetric Galactic potentials, we establish the M11's most likely birth radius to lie between 6.8-7.5 kpc from the Galactic center, not far from its current position. With the robust Open Cluster age scale, our results prove that a moderate [$\alpha$/Fe]-enhancement is no guarantee for a star to be old, and that not all $\alpha$-enhanced stars can be explained with an evolved blue straggler scenario. Based on our orbit calculations, we further argue against a Galactic bar origin of M11.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, accepted in A&

High body adiposity drives glucose intolerance and increases cardiovascular risk in normoglycemic subjects

Objective: We aimed to assess the utility of the 2 - hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) value to discriminate between different cardiometabolic profiles and examine the role of body composition to predict the associated increased risk for glucose impairment, beta cell dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Methods: Subjects with normal fasting glucose (NFG) completed a 2 - h OGTT and were categorized to the carbohydrate metabolism alterations (CMA) or contro l group based upon a 2 - h glucose threshold of 7.8 mmol l - 1 . Body composition, visceral adipose tissue, OGTT - based parameters and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, non - alcoholic fatty liver disea se and smoking status, were measured. Results: Subjects with CMA exhibited a significantly higher 1 - h postload glucose, greater decline in beta cell function and CVRF profile. After multivariate adjustment, excess of total body and visceral fat was associ ated with an increased risk of CMA, - cell dysfunction, CVRF and a lower whole - body insulin sensitivity. Conclusions: These data support the ethiopathogenic role of body and visceral fat in the development of glucose derangements and CVRF early on in the metabolic dysregulation process. Thus, body composition analysis and OGTT assessment performed in individuals with NFG enables a better identification of patients at risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Actualización SIOSE en Andalucía 2009

Tras la finalización a finales de 2009 del proyecto SIOSE 2005 en Andalucía, se denota un alto grado de desactualización de la cartografía, en especial para las funciones de apoyo a la gestión a las que en principio estaba destinada. Es por ello que el lanzamiento de un nuevo proyecto de actualización de SIOSE a nivel estatal por parte de la Dirección General del Instituto Geográfico Nacional es percibido como una oportunidad para actualizar asimismo la base de referencia SIOSE Andalucía 1:10.000. Valiéndonos de la experiencia adquirida, se propone acometer una actualización metodológica que participe de la hoja de ruta trazada en la primera versión en muchos aspectos (colaboración entre Administraciones, uso de procedimientos técnicos desarrollados ex profeso, fotointerpretación descentralizada…), mejorándola en otros. Además, para poder dotar a las bases de esta dimensión gerenciales imprescindible que los plazos de ejecución no provoquen una brecha temporal que haga que las bases nazcan desactualizadas. Por tanto, además de la optimización de los recursos económicos, tan escasos en estos momentos, hay que procurar la maximización de la productividad, sin olvidar un elevado nivel de calidad de los productos finales, que garantice la compleción y la veracidad de los datos ofrecidos.On accomplishing the Andalusian project SIOSE 2005 in late 2009, the cartography is perceived highly outdated, especially regarding its suitability for management support, for which it was initially conceived. This is why the release of an update project for SIOSE at national level, supported by Directorate General of the National Geographic Institute, is seen as an opportunity for also updating de Andalusia’s SIOSE reference database on a 1:10.000 scale. Leaning on the experience acquired to this point, we propose to tackle a methodological update that could be integrated within the first release’s roadmap in many aspects (cooperation between administrations, use of specifically developed technical procedures, decentralized photo interpretation…), but also improving it in many others. Moreover, to be able to provide the databases with this managerial scope, it is essential that the implementation schedule avoid time gaps causing them to be outdated on their very release. Therefore, as well as optimizing economic resources, so limited for the time being, we have to focus on maximizing productivity, without neglecting a high-end product quality guaranteeing comprehensiveness and veracity of the offered data

Occupational injuries in workers of a Spanish bank

BACKGROUND: In 2017, 69 108 work-related traffic injuries with medical leave were documented, constituting 12% of all occupational injuries (OI) in Spain. AIMS: The aim of this study was to describe OI within a Spanish bank company during 2017. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the company's mandatory OI records, presenting data in both absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies. The chi-square test was employed for comparisons. RESULTS: Among the company's 10 399 employees, 176 OI cases were recorded. Most were minor musculoskeletal incidents, with one severe myocardial infarction and one mild anxiety episode. Lower limb injuries were the most prevalent. Injuries of the trunk (P < 0.001), neck (P < 0.05), and upper limbs (P < 0.001) were linked to workplace factors. Approximately 62% of OI occurred outside the workplace and resulted in more extended medical leave (P < 0.01). Traffic-related injuries accounted for 39% of OI cases and caused 49% of days lost due to OI (P < 0.001).Female gender (P < 0.001) and age over 40 years (P < 0.05) were significantly associated with OI. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, musculoskeletal injuries were the most common, with a single cardiovascular event being the most severe. OI occurring outside the workplace was more frequent and led to longer medical leaves. Notably, traffic-related injuries were especially significant, exceeding official statistics 4-fold

Comparación de los perfiles farmacodinámicos de tres moléculas de remifentanilo en cuanto a su respuesta hemodinámica a las maniobras de laringoscopia e intubación traqueal

ResumenIntroducciónEn Colombia se comercializan diferentes moléculas de remifentanilo que nunca han sido comparadas en un entorno clínico.ObjetivoEl objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el perfil farmacodinámico de la molécula innovadora de remifentanilo (grupo O: Glaxo SmithKline Manufacturing S.P.A.) y 2 moléculas genéricas (grupo A: Laboratorios Chalver de Colombia S.A. y grupo B: Instituto Biológico Contemporáneo, Argentina) registradas en Colombia.MétodosSe llevó a cabo un experimento clínico doble ciego, aleatorizado, controlado. Se comparó la molécula original de remifentanilo (grupo O, n=29) frente a las 2 moléculas genéricas (grupo A, n=29; grupo B, n=32) durante la inducción anestésica e intubación orotraqueal de pacientes adultos ASAI sin predictores de vía aérea difícil. Se evaluaron las dosis 6, 8 y 10ng/ml (TCI, Target Controlled Infusion) con el modelo de Minto. La inducción se complementó con propofol 5μg/ml (TCI) con modelo de Schneider y rocuronio 0,6mg/kg. El desenlace primario se evaluó como las diferencias en la presión arterial media y en la frecuencia cardiaca preintubación (momento en que se alcanza la concentración objetivo en sitio efecto) y postintubación (máximo valor alcanzado en 5min).ResultadosSe observó similitud en el perfil farmacodinámico de las moléculas de remifentanilo estudiadas. Las diferencias en el cambio de frecuencia cardiaca fue de 1,27 (IC95%: –3,11;5,67) con la molécula A y 1,40 (IC95%: –2,65;5,46) con la molécula B frente a la molécula O (latidos/min). Las diferencias en el cambio de presión arterial media fueron de 1 (IC95%: –4,81;6,81) para la molécula A y de 1,82 (IC95%: –4,08;7,74) para la molécula B frente a la molécula O (mmHg). Hubo un caso de hipotensión arterial en cada grupo.ConclusiónLos resultados sugieren que desde un punto de vista farmacodinámico las moléculas innovadora y genéricas de remifentanilo son similares para la laringoscopia/intubación con dosis TCI de 6, 8 y 10ng/ml.AbstractIntroductionSeveral remifentanil products are commercialized in Colombia while these have never been compared in a clinical setting.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacodynamic profile of the branded molecule of remifentanil (group O: Glaxo SmithKline Manufacturing S.P.A.) and two unbranded molecules (group A: Laboratorios Chalver de Colombia S.A. and group B: Instituto Biológico Contemporaneo, Argentina) registered in Colombia.MethodsWe carried out a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. The branded molecule of remifentanil (group O, n=29) was compared with the two unbranded molecules (group A, n=29; group B, n=32) during anesthetic induction and tracheal intubation in adult patients ASAI without predictors for difficult airway. The target controlled infusion (TCI) doses evaluated were 6, 8 and 10ng/ml with the Minto model. Induction was complemented with propofol 5mcg/ml (TCI) with the Schneider model and rocuronium 0.6mg/kg. The primary outcome was defined as the difference in mean arterial pressure and heart rate pre-intubation (TCI equilibrium) and post-intubation (maximum measurement within 5minutes).ResultsA similar pharmacodinamic profile was observed between the studied remifentanil molecules. The differences in the change in heart rate were 1.27 (95% CI: –3.11;5.67) with molecule A and 1.40 (95%CI: –2.65;5.46) with molecule B against molecule O (beats/minute). The differences in the change in mean arterial pressure were 1 (95%CI: –4.81;6.81) for molecule A and 1.82 (95%CI: –4.08;7.74) for molecule B against molecule O (mmHg). There was a case of arterial hypotension in each group.ConclusionThe results suggest that from a pharmacodynamic point of view branded and unbranded remifentanil molecules are similar for laryngoscopy/intubation with TCI doses 6, 8 and 10ng/ml

Effect of sugar beet pulp fibre fractions on growth performance, fecal digestibility and digestive physiology in rabbits around weaning

The present study investigated the effect of the different fibre components of sugar beet pulp (SBP) on growth performance and some digestive traits. Four semi-synthetic diets were formulated with similar NDF (33% DM) and protein (16% DM) level. Control diet was formulated to contain the lowest level of soluble fibre (3% DM) and SBP diet the highest (9%). The soluble (pectins) and insoluble fractions of SBP were studied in other two diets (Pectin and InsSBP diets). A total of 136 weanling rabbits (25 d of age) was housed individually, randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups, and fed ad libitum with the experimental diets during 10 days after weaning. The type of diet did not affect growth rate and stomach pH. Animals fed with SBP diet showed higher DM and NDF digestibility (4 and 83%, respectively), gain:feed ratio (13%), cecal and total tract weight (13 and 9%) and ileal viscosity (148%) than rabbits fed the Control diet, but lower cecal pH (9%). Pectin diet increased ileal viscosity and decreased the weight of stomach content with respect to SBP diet. Rabbits fed InsSBP diet showed similar results to SBP diet but lower ileal viscosity and cecal pH than those fed Pectin diet. In conclusion, SBP and their soluble and insoluble fractions are well digested in young rabbits. However the soluble and insoluble fibre of SBP produce different effects in the gastrointestinal tract