A Comparative Study of the Implementation of Pre-Primary Education Policy in Nigeria and Cameroon

The study was carried out in Nigeria and Cameroon to compare the implementation of pre-primary education in both countries. A descriptive survey research design was used for the study. The population comprised pre-primary school teachers and head teachers both in Nigeria and Cameroon. The sample size was 1,200 respondents. A researcher- designed questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. The questionnaire was structured on 4 point rating scale based on real limit of numbers. Three research questions and three null hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance guided the study. Mean and standard deviations were employed in analyzing the research questions while t-test statistic was used in testing the stated hypotheses. The findings included that in Cameroon, professional pre-primary certificate Grade I and A-level certificate holders form the predominant teachers qualifications while in Nigeria, WASC and T.C.II holders form the bulk of pre-primary school teachers. Most Teacher training colleges in Cameroon offer special programme on education for pre-primary teachers as against few in Nigeria. In Cameroon, in-service training is granted teachers in pre-primary school while this does no apply in Nigeria. Infrastructural and instructional facilities are provided both in the urban and rural areas of Cameroonian pre-primary institutions as against what is obtained in Nigeria. The researcher made a number of recommendations among which were that government should come up with intervention policy to train more teachers for pre-primary education in Nigeria. Keywords: pre-primary education, policy, implementation, Nigeria, Cameroo

Sustainable Development of Nigeria\u27s Solid Minerals Through Metal Recycling: a Review

Metal recycling as a path way to sustainable development of Nigeria solid minerals deposits has been reviewed. This paper brings to bear the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (2015-2030), classification of solid mineral deposits in Nigeria, potential contribution of the solid mineral sector to the nation\u27s gross domestic product (GDP), lifetime (lifecycle) management of a mineral resource, sustaining mineral resource through metal recycling (use of secondary materials) with some of its accompanying benefits, economics of metal recycling and the need for environmental impact assessment when sitting a recycling plant. The review has revealed the following; Metal recycling could oil the nation\u27s wheel of realising some of the objectives of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), every state in Nigeria has at least one solid mineral deposit, one tonne of steel made from recycled steel translates to saving 1,115kg of iron ore, 625kg of coal and 53kg of limestone, recycling results in reduction of about 200 million tonnes yearly of CO2 emissions, recycling also results in 76%, 40% and 86% reduction in water pollution, water USAge and air pollution respectively and energy savings derivable from recycling 39% aluminum, 31% copper, 74% lead, 42% steel and 20% zinc are 95%, 85%, 60%, 62-74% and 60% respectively. Therefore, metal recycling provides one of the viable tools for sustaining the nation\u27s solid mineral deposits especially the metallic ores for the benefit of generations yet to be born

Applications of Space Technology for Accelerated Infrastructures Development for Rural Areas Development in Nigeria

Rural to urban migration still persists in Nigeria despite government’s claim of rural development programs. This situation if not checked portends negative signal for the already over-populated urban areas, particularly in areas of food security, sanitation, housing, crimes, etc. The development of rural areas is measured by the availability of infrastructures and economic opportunities that are available to the people. These infrastructures include: transportation infrastructure, educational infrastructure, healthcare infrastructure, energy infrastructure, water supply/sanitation infrastructure, information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and so on. Rural areas in Nigeria urgently require accelerated infrastructure development to alleviate poverty. When this is done rapid growth is ensured and poverty is drastically reduced. The world today has become increasingly reliant on information and communication technologies (ICT) and with it comes the need for societies and communities to stay connected and be integrated into the global information super highway. Space technology today has also become an integral part of global information infrastructure, connecting people across the world and serving communications needs of governments, businesses and individuals. For Nigeria to be technologically developed, the “digital divide” (that is the imbalance between urban and rural dwellers in which the rural dwellers have far lesser access to the same quality of knowledge), information, and education resources that are more readily available to urban areas because of the absence of required communication infrastructure need to be removed. The digital divide brings a virtual, but real impediment to the advancement of the society and individuals in remote rural settlements. This paper seeks to discuss the applications of space technology for accelerated rural infrastructures development in rural areas in Nigeri

Preliminary Findings on Metastatic Brain Tumors in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria

Background: Metastatic brain tumors (MBTs) are the most common brain neoplasms seen clinically and are often associated with poor outcomes. This study highlights the demographic, clinical, and radiological profiles as well as outcomes of MBTs managed in a tertiary hospital in Southeast Nigeria. Methods: This was a 1-year prospective observational study of patients with MBT who presented to the neurosurgery unit of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, from December 2018 to November 2019. Data on the demography, clinical and radiological features, treatment, and outcomes were collected and analyzed. Results: Of the 31 patients with MBTs, 58.1% were female and 41.9% male. The mean age was 51.0 ± 15.2 years. The most common presenting features were limb weakness (77.4%), headache (58.1%), and personality changes (54.8%). About a quarter (26.7%) were fully conscious at  presentation. Only 45.2% knew that they had a systemic malignancy (SM) before presentation. The breast (29.0%), lungs (22.6%), and skin (19.3%) were the common sources of metastases. The lesions were solitary in 25.8% and multiple in 74.2%. They were predominantly frontal (80.6%), with bilateral distribution in 64.5% of patients. Radiotherapy was done in 58.1% and surgery in 6.5% of patients. Prior knowledge of the existence of a SM (P = 0.045) and unilateral brain involvement (P = 0.013) were associated with better 30-day survival. Conclusion: The breast is the most common source of brain metastasis. Prior knowledge of the existence of a SM and unilateral brain involvement is associated with better short-term survival. Keywords: Brain, metastasis, primary, surviva

A Review on Gas Well Optimization Using Production Performance Models—A Case Study of Horizontal Well

This study considered the solution methods to determine optimal production rates and the rates of lift gas to optimize regular operational objectives. The foremost tools used in this research are offered as software platforms. Most of the optimization hitches are solved using derivative-free optimization based on a controlled well Performance Analysis, PERFORM. In line with production optimization goal to maximize ultimate recovery at minimum operating expenditure, pressure losses faced in the flow process are reduced between the wellbore and the separator. Nodal analysis is the solution technique used to enhance the flow rate in order to produce wells, categorize constraints and design corrective solution. A hypothetical case is considered and sensitivity analysis using the IPR Models for horizontal gas wells provides the effect on pressure and liquid drop out. The gas lift method is economically valuable as it produced an optimal economic water cut of 80 percent with 2 - 4 MM scf/day rate of gas injection; thus, 1800 - 2000 STB/day gas was produced

Offshore Gas Well Flow and Orifice Metering System: An Overview

This research presents a concise account of offshore surface well test from objective, organization, to practical approach and in relation to orifice metering system of natural gas; against the perspective of regulatory standards. With reference to reliability, availability, affordability and including control measures governing the design, the orifice meter sometimes called a head loss flow meter is chosen most often because of its reputation in the oil and gas industry. Alternative metering system of natural gas, including robust and cost effective innovations within the industry which addressed some key limitations of orifice meter was examined. The advanced flow computer with transducers suited for orifice measurement installations is a cost effective electronic flow real time measurement system. It has telemetry features and improved accuracy under fluctuating flow conditions based on functional differential pressure root mean squared volume calculation principles. These new developments and their capabilities have reduced the market share of the mechanical orifice chart meters. Except that Electronic flow meters has environmental limitations; thus, the proven mechanical orifice metering systems are still an effective solution for many flow measurement applications

Ultrasound Findings in the Gallbladder of Sickle‑Cell Patients: A Cross‑Sectional Study in Enugu, Nigeria

Background: Sickle‑cell disease (SCD) causes chronic and recurrent hemolysis which is a recognized risk factor for gallbladder (GB) disease. The prevalence of GB disease in SCD is high and increases with age. Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis are relatively common GB diseases in SCD. They are important causes of acute abdominal pain in SCD and also increase morbidity. Ultrasound is a cheap and noninvasive means of evaluating the GB; it has a high degree of accuracy and is widely available. Aims: The aim of this study is to sonographically evaluate the GB of SCD patients in steady state at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku‑Ozalla, Enugu, and to determine the prevalence of specific GB diseases in SCD patients. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross‑sectional study of 130 known SCD patients attending sickle‑cell clinics at UNTH and 130 controls. Ultrasound of the GB was done after at least 6 h fast, using a Dp2200 mindray mobile ultrasound machine equipped with a 2.5–5 MHz convex probe. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 16. Results: The GBs of 130 consecutive SCD participants and 130 control group were sonographically evaluated. The prevalence of cholelithiasis in SCD was 10.8%, whereas the prevalence of cholelithiasis in the control group was 3.1%. No other GB diseases were seen. The mean dimensions of theGB for the study group were length (65.78 ± 9.85 mm), width (29.15 ± 6.01 mm), depth (25.58 ± 5.81 mm), wall thickness (1.59 ± 0.74 mm), and volume (26.52 ± 11.18 cm3). Conclusion: The prevalence of cholelithiasis in sickle cell disease in southeast Nigeria is 10.8% while the prevalence of cholelithiasis in the control population is 3.1%. Keywords: Cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, gallbladder, sickle cell disease, ultrasoun

Evaluation of the Fluid Loss Property of Annona muricata and Carica papaya

This technical paper evaluates the fluid loss property of Annona muricata and Carica papaya , prepared and measured as per API standard. This is a laboratory measurements carried out using low temperature and low pressure filter press. The prepared fluids were supplemented with 2 ppb XCD polymer product to enhance their carrying capacity. Their characteristics and commercial availabilities were also investigated. The 30 minutes filtrate volumes at 5 ppb, 10 ppb, 15 ppb and 20 ppb were obtained. The graph of concentrations versus the volume of the filtrate obtained was plotted. It was discovered that the concentration increases with decrease in volume of fluid loss and impermeable filtered mud cake was also obtained. Though, both gave good results, but the results of Annona muricata under the same conditions and concentrations were better than that of Carica papaya

The rheological behavior of a pseudo‑oil‑based mud formulated with Hura crepitans plant oil as base fluid

The need to prevent our environment from deterioration caused by toxic waste from drilling mud is a prime objective to the oil and gas industry. The exploration of non-edible plant oil for potential base oil in formulating drilling mud is progressing due to the environmentally friendly nature. This research work involves using a commercial synthetic oil from the oil industry and Hura crepitans oil. This oil samples were used as a base fluid in preparing the mud from which the rheological properties were analyzed. Chemical oil extraction method using soxhlet apparatus was used to extract the oil from H. crepitans seeds; it was then distilled to remove the solvent. The mud samples were formulated with 7 and 9 g concentrations of the viscosifier, and properties were measured at 113 and 158 °F. It was then aged for 16 h at 240 °F, and mud properties were measured before and after hot rolling for comparison. Different rheological models were used to describe the experimental data. The physical properties of the synthetic oil and H. crepitans oil reveal a flash point of 213.8 and 399.2 °F, fire point of 226.4 and 500 °F, viscosity index of 297 and 207, specific gravity/density of 805 and 907, respectively. The mud properties of the synthetic oil-based mud had a better emulsion stability, lower plastic viscosity, higher yield point values, and lower gel strength than the H. crepitans oil-based mud. The rheological properties of synthetic and H. crepitans oil-based mud increase and decrease, respectively, after hot rolling. The optimal concentration of viscosifier was 7 g to have maintained the API acceptable range for the rheological properties. Based on the R2 values, RMSE values, and the fitted plots, Herschel–Bulkley had a better description of the experimental data

Investigating the potential of Calophylluminophyllum plant base oil for oil and gas drilling mud operations

The environmental and cost advantage of non-edible plant oil for potential base oil in oil and gas drilling mud formulation is a drive for its use. The seed of Calophylluminophyllumthe plant oil was processed, pulverized, and oil extracted using chemical method. The extracted plant oil and commercial synthetic oil was used to formulate drilling mud and comparative analysis were made using the physicochemical properties of the oil samples, mud rheological properties under sixteen hours and 240 °F aging and non-aging effect for a 7 and 9 g viscosifier, and rheological models in describing the mud. The commercial synthetic oil and Calophylluminophyllum oil shows a flash point of 101 ± 0.1 and 164 ± 0.1; density of 108 and 172 ��� �3� ; viscosity index of 192 and 163; acid value of NIL and 24.24; and oil yield of NIL and 71 % respectively. The rheological properties of Calophylluminophyllum oil-based mud were higher than the synthetic oil-based mud. It was also observed that the increase in temperature and viscosifer decreases and increases the rheological properties respectively of all mud samples. The synthetic and Calophylluminophyllum oil-based mud increased in the rheological properties after aging test. In the overall estimation of the root mean square error (RMSE) values, coefficient of determination (�2) values, and the fitted plots analysis. The Herschel Bulkley and the Sisko model had a much better description in predicting the experimental data for the synthetic oil-based mud. The hyperbolic, Herschel Bulkley and Sisko model had good description for the experimental data of the Calophylluminophyllum oil-based mud