Holography and non-locality in a closed vacuum-dominated universe

A closed vacuum-dominated Friedmann universe is asymptotic to a de Sitter space with a cosmological event horizon for any observer. The holographic principle says the area of the horizon in Planck units determines the number of bits of information about the universe that will ever be available to any observer. The wavefunction describing the probability distribution of mass quanta associated with bits of information on the horizon is the boundary condition for the wavefunction specifying the probability distribution of mass quanta throughout the universe. Local interactions between mass quanta in the universe cause quantum transitions in the wavefunction specifying the distribution of mass throughout the universe, with instantaneous non-local effects throughout the universe.Comment: 4 pages, no figures, to be published in Int. J. Theor. Phys, references correcte

A simple quantum cosmology

A simple and surprisingly realistic model of the origin of the universe can be developed using the Friedmann equation from general relativity, elementary quantum mechanics, and the experimental values of h, c, G and the proton mass. The model assumes there are N space dimensions (with N > 6) and the potential constraining the radius r of the invisible N -3 compact dimensions varies as r^4. In this model, the universe has zero total energy and is created from nothing. There is no initial singularity. If space-time is eleven dimensional, as required by M theory, the scalar field corresponding to the size of the compact dimensions inflates the universe by about 26 orders of magnitude (60 e-folds). If the Hubble constant is 65 km/sec Mpc, the energy density of the scalar field after inflation results in Omega-sub-Lambda = 0.68, in agreement with recent astrophysical observations.Comment: To be published in General Relativity and Gravitation, August 200

Germ Patterns and Antibiotic Susceptibility in Pregnancy and Labor with Risk of Infections : Pola Kuman dan Sensitivitas Antibiotik pada Kehamilan dan Persalinan dengan Faktor Risiko Infeksi

Objective: To determine the pattern of germs and antibiotic susceptibility tests in pregnant women related to risk factors for infection in preterm PROM cases, the threat of preterm labor, pathological fluor albus, and prolonged labor in Manado city. Method: This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study. A total of 21 samples were obtained, consisting of six preterm PROM cases, five premature contraction cases, five pathological fluor albus cases, and five prolonged labor cases. The study was conducted in Kandou General Hospital and Affiliated Hospitals, Manado. All patients were informed about the study and signed informed consent. Germ pattern and antibiotics susceptibility data were analyzed. Results: Of 21 samples, the detected microorganisms included Staphylococcus aureus (12), Coagulase-negative staphylococcus (2), mixed microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus + Candida sp, Coagulase-negative staphylococcus + Candida sp), Bacillus sp and Candida sp. The susceptible and safe antibiotics for pregnancy were Ampicillin / Sulbactam and Meropenem. The resistant antibiotics were Ceftriaxone, Tetracycline, and Neomycin. Conclusion: The most common type of bacteria found in pregnant women and women in labor was Staphylococcus aureus. Susceptible and safe antibiotics for pregnancy were Ampicillin / Sulbactam and Meropenem. Keywords: antibiotic sensitivity test, germ pattern, pregnancy and labor infection.   Abstrak Tujuan: Mengetahui pola kuman dan uji sensitivitas antibiotik pada perempuan hamil terkait faktor risiko infeksi pada kasus KPD preterm, ancaman partus prematurus, fluor albus patologis dan partus lama di kota Manado. Metode: Studi ini merupakan studi deskriptif potong lintang. Jumlah sampel yang didapatkan sebesar 21 sampel di mana terbagi pada masing-masing kasus KPD preterm 6 sampel, ancaman partus prematurus 5 sampel, fluor albus patologis 5 sampel dan partus lama 5 sampel. Sampel diambil dari RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado dan Rumah Sakit Jejaring di kota Manado yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Semua pasien dijelaskan mengenai prosedur penelitian dan penandatanganan inform consent baru dilakukan pengambilan sampel. Data dianalisis dengan cara deskriptif tentang pola kuman dan uji sensitivitas antibiotik pada kehamilan dan persalinan dengan faktor risiko infeksi. Hasil: Dari 21 sampel, sebaran jenis mikroorganisme diantaranya Staphylococcus areus (12), Staphylococcus non koagulase (2), mikroorganisme campuran (Staphylococcus aureus + Candida sp, Staphylococcus non koagulase + Candida sp), Bacilus sp dan Candida sp. Hasil uji sensitivitas antibiotik yang sensitif dan aman untuk kehamilan di antaranya Ampicillin/Sulbactam dan Meropenem. Hasil uji sensitivitas antibiotik yang resisten adalah Ceftriaxone, Tetracycline dan Neomycin. Kesimpulan: Jenis mikroorganisme paling banyak adalah Staphylococcus aureus. Hasil uji sensitivitas antibiotik yang sensitif dan aman untuk kehamilan di antaranya Ampicillin/Sulbactam dan Meropenem. Kata kunci: infeksi kehamilan dan persalinan, pola kuman, uji Sensitivitas antibioti

Hierarchy and Wave Functions in a Simple Quantum Cosmology

Astrophysical observations indicate the expansion of the universe is accelerating. Applying the holographic entropy conjecture to the cosmological horizon in an accelerating universe suggests the universe has only a finite number of degrees of freedom. This is consistent with a closed universe arising from a quantum fluctuation, with zero total quantum numbers. If space-time has eleven dimensions, and the universe began as a closed force-symmetric ten-dimensional space with characteristic dimension L, seven of the space dimensions must have collapsed to generate the three large space dimensions we see. The holographic conjecture then suggests the initial length scale L must be roughly twenty orders of magnitude larger than the Planck length. Accordingly, the nuclear force must be roughly forty orders of magnitude stronger than gravity, possibly resolving the force hierarchy problem. A wavefunction for the radius of curvature of the universe can be obtained from the Schrodinger equation derived by Elbaz and Novello. The product of this wavefunction and its complex conjugate can be interpreted as the probability density for finding a given radius of curvature in one of the infinity of measurements of the radius of curvature possible (in principle) at any location in a homogeneous isotropic universe.Comment: 4 pages, no figures, abstract corrected to insert omitted word

Karakteristik Trombosit Pada Pasien Anak Dengan Infeksi Virus Dengue Di Manado

: Dengue virus infection is a global health problem since outbreaks have been reported in many countries. Children still occupy the top position in dengue infection. The information about dengue infection can help reduce the incidence of dengue infection. One of the laboratory tests that support the diagnosis is the platelet count. This study used a cross sectional design and was conducted from December 2014 until January 2015 at Robert Wolter Mongisidi Hospital, Advent Manado Hospital, and GMIM Pancaran Kasih Hospital. Samples were 37 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There were 17 males and 20 females. The results showed that 21 patients had thrombocytopenia meanwhile the others had thrombocyte count within normal limit. The PDW and the MPV were within normal limit

Dark Matter and Dark Energy

I briefly review our current understanding of dark matter and dark energy. The first part of this paper focusses on issues pertaining to dark matter including observational evidence for its existence, current constraints and the `abundance of substructure' and `cuspy core' issues which arise in CDM. I also briefly describe MOND. The second part of this review focusses on dark energy. In this part I discuss the significance of the cosmological constant problem which leads to a predicted value of the cosmological constant which is almost $10^{123}$ times larger than the observed value \la/8\pi G \simeq 10^{-47}GeV$^4$. Setting \la to this small value ensures that the acceleration of the universe is a fairly recent phenomenon giving rise to the `cosmic coincidence' conundrum according to which we live during a special epoch when the density in matter and \la are almost equal. Anthropic arguments are briefly discussed but more emphasis is placed upon dynamical dark energy models in which the equation of state is time dependent. These include Quintessence, Braneworld models, Chaplygin gas and Phantom energy. Model independent methods to determine the cosmic equation of state and the Statefinder diagnostic are also discussed. The Statefinder has the attractive property \atridot/a H^3 = 1 for LCDM, which is helpful for differentiating between LCDM and rival dark energy models. The review ends with a brief discussion of the fate of the universe in dark energy models.Comment: 40 pages, 11 figures, Lectures presented at the Second Aegean Summer School on the Early Universe, Syros, Greece, September 2003, New References added Final version to appear in the Proceeding

Molecular characterization of adipose tissue in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)

Adipose tissue (AT) is a dynamic and flexible organ with regulatory roles in physiological functions including metabolism, reproduction and inflammation; secreted adipokines, including leptin, and fatty acids facilitate many of these roles. The African elephant (Loxodonta africana) is experiencing serious challenges to optimal reproduction in captivity. The physiological and molecular basis of this impaired fertility remains unknown. AT production of leptin is a crucial molecular link between nutritional status, adiposity and fertility in many species. We propose that leptin has a similar function in the African elephant. African elephant visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) was obtained from both sexes and a range of ages including females with known pregnancy status. RNA was extracted and histological sections created and analyzed by microarray, PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. Gas-chromatography was used to determine the fatty acid composition of AT. Microarray expression profiling was used to compare gene expression profiles of AT from pre-pubertal versus reproductively competent adult African elephants. This study demonstrates, for the first time, leptin mRNA and protein expression in African elephant AT. The derived protein sequence of the elephant leptin protein was exploited to determine its relationship within the class I helical cytokine superfamily, which indicates that elephant leptin is most closely related to the leptin orthologs of Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit), Lepus oiostolus (woolly hare), and members of the Ochotonidae (Pika). Immunohistological analysis identified considerable leptin staining within the cytoplasm of adipocytes. Significant differences in fatty acid profiles between pregnant and non-pregnant animals were revealed, most notably a reduction in both linoleic and α linoleic acid in pregnant animals. This report forms the basis for future studies to address the effect of nutrient composition and body condition on reproduction in captive and wild elephants

The Nucleon Spectral Function at Finite Temperature and the Onset of Superfluidity in Nuclear Matter

Nucleon selfenergies and spectral functions are calculated at the saturation density of symmetric nuclear matter at finite temperatures. In particular, the behaviour of these quantities at temperatures above and close to the critical temperature for the superfluid phase transition in nuclear matter is discussed. It is shown how the singularity in the thermodynamic T-matrix at the critical temperature for superfluidity (Thouless criterion) reflects in the selfenergy and correspondingly in the spectral function. The real part of the on-shell selfenergy (optical potential) shows an anomalous behaviour for momenta near the Fermi momentum and temperatures close to the critical temperature related to the pairing singularity in the imaginary part. For comparison the selfenergy derived from the K-matrix of Brueckner theory is also calculated. It is found, that there is no pairing singularity in the imaginary part of the selfenergy in this case, which is due to the neglect of hole-hole scattering in the K-matrix. From the selfenergy the spectral function and the occupation numbers for finite temperatures are calculated.Comment: LaTex, 23 pages, 21 PostScript figures included (uuencoded), uses prc.sty, aps.sty, revtex.sty, psfig.sty (last included