632 research outputs found

    ReproductibilitĂ© de l’évaluation de la fonction endothĂ©liale cutanĂ©e par mĂ©thode laser mono-point et laser speckle chez l’homme

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    Objectifs.– La dysfonction endothĂ©liale est la premiĂšre Ă©tape conduisant Ă  l’athĂ©rosclĂ©rose. La vasodilatation induite par l’acĂ©tylcholine (ACh) est un test spĂ©cifique de la fonction endothĂ©liale. Plusieurs techniques comme la mesure du flux sanguin par Laser doppler FluxmĂštre (LDF) et le Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es afin de quantifier cette vasodilatation. Actuellement, la fiabilitĂ© de ces techniques et l’expression de leurs rĂ©sultats sont Ă  l’étude, ces derniers manquants de standardisation. Les objectifs de cette Ă©tude Ă©taient d’évaluer Ă  sept jours d’intervalle : – la reproductibilitĂ© de la mesure inter-sujets ; – la reproductibilitĂ© de la mesure intra-sujets ; – l’effet du mode d’expression des rĂ©sultats sur la variabilitĂ©. MĂ©thode.– Nous avons Ă©valuĂ© deux protocoles d’iontophorĂšse d’ACh (stimulation unique, multiples stimulations) dont les rĂ©ponses Ă©taient mesurĂ©es simultanĂ©ment par le LDF et le LSCI. Le maximum de la vasodilatation provoquĂ© par l’ACh (pic d’ACh) a Ă©tĂ© exprimĂ© sous forme de valeurs de conductance absolue ou en flux normalisĂ©. La reproductibilitĂ© inter-sujets a Ă©tĂ© exprimĂ©e en coefficient de variation (inter-CV, %). La reproductibilitĂ© intra-sujet a Ă©tĂ© exprimĂ©e en coefficient de variation (intra-CV, %) et en coefficient de corrĂ©lation intra-classe (ICC). Quinze sujets sains ĂągĂ©s de 18 ans ou plus ont Ă©tĂ© inclus dans cette Ă©tude. RĂ©sultats.– La reproductibilitĂ© inter-sujets du pic d’ACh change en fonction de la maniĂšre d’exprimer les rĂ©sultats et s’échelonne de 55 % Ă  162 % pour le LDF et de 17 % Ă  83 % pour le LSCI. La reproductibilitĂ© intra-sujet (Intra-CV/ICC) du pic d’ACh a Ă©tĂ© meilleure mesurĂ©e par le LSCI que par le LDF quels que soient le mode d’expression et le protocole utilisĂ©. Les meilleures reproductibilitĂ©s intra-sujets ont Ă©tĂ© obtenues avec le LSCI. Elles Ă©taient de 18,7 %/0,87 (rĂ©sultat exprimĂ© en valeur absolue de conductance vasculaire cutanĂ©e) lors d’une stimulation unique et de 11,4 %/0,61 (rĂ©sultat exprimĂ© en valeur absolue) lors d’une multiple stimulation. Conclusion.– La iontophorĂšse d’ACh couplĂ©e au LSCI est un outil d’avenir afin d’accĂ©der Ă  la fonction endothĂ©liale car elle est reproductible, non dangereuse et non invasive

    Limitations of self-reported estimates of functional capacity using the Walking Impairment Questionnaire

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    OBJECTIVE: A potential issue with the Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) is that it is relatively complex. We estimated the number of errors made by patients when self-completing the WIQ, and assessed the benefit of correcting missing, duplicate or paradoxical (i.e., reported lower difficulty for a higher-intensity task) answers.DESIGN: Prospective non-interventional study. MATERIALS: All consecutive new patients with claudication over a 3-month period. METHODS: The WIQ was self-completed before patients performed a constant-load treadmill walking test (maximised to 750 m). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: We analysed the coefficient of determination of the linear relationship between overall WIQ score (mean of the available subscales when at least two subscales are available) and treadmill maximal walking distance (MWD), before and after correction of errors. RESULTS: We studied 73 patients. Thirty-seven questionnaires had to be corrected for one or more errors. The coefficient of determination between the overall WIQ score and MWD was R(2) = 0.391 (n = 56) and R(2) = 0.426 (n = 73) before and after correction, respectively. CONCLUSION: Supervision of self-completed WIQs detects errors in almost half of the questionnaires, resulting in a missing overall WIQ score in 23% of cases among uncorrected questionnaires. The overall WIQ score correlates only moderately with MWD, even after correction

    Apport de la gĂ©ochimie et de la pĂ©trologie Ă  la connaissance de la mĂ©tallurgie primaire du plomb argentifĂšre au Moyen Âge

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    Les vestiges laissĂ©s par les ateliers mĂ©tallurgiques de production de plomb argentifĂšre sont souvent assez mal conservĂ©s. Aussi, la reconstitution des procĂ©dĂ©s passe par l’étude pĂ©trochimique des scories, dĂ©chets produits au cours des opĂ©rations mĂ©tallurgiques. AprĂšs avoir passĂ© en revue les diffĂ©rents procĂ©dĂ©s de transformation de la galĂšne en plomb et les rĂ©actions chimiques associĂ©es, nous prĂ©sentons les rĂ©sultats d’études pĂ©trochimiques de deux sites (les ateliers du Mont LozĂšre dans les CĂ©vennes et le site de Pfaffenloch dans les Vosges), pour lesquels des hypothĂšses concernant le procĂ©dĂ© peuvent ĂȘtre proposĂ©es. Sur le Mont LozĂšre deux procĂ©dĂ©s semblent s’ĂȘtre succĂ©dĂ©s : d’abord le procĂ©dĂ© par « grillage et rĂ©duction » par lequel le minerai thĂ©oriquement grillĂ© est introduit dans un fourneau fonctionnant au charbon de bois ; puis le procĂ©dĂ© « par prĂ©cipitation » par lequel le minerai non grillĂ© est introduit directement dans le fourneau en mĂ©lange avec des ajouts. À Pfaffenloch, seul le deuxiĂšme procĂ©dĂ© semble avoir Ă©tĂ© mis en Ɠuvre puisque une forte proportion de la gangue est dĂ©tectĂ©e dans les scories. L’ajout en fer est reprĂ©sentĂ© par la gangue elle-mĂȘme formĂ©e par un carbonate de fer. Ce dernier procĂ©dĂ© semble ĂȘtre datĂ© aux alentours du xive-xve siĂšcle.Remnants of lead-silver production workshops are often poorly preserved. Therefore, a reconstitution of the used processes requires a petrochemical study of slags, which are wastes produced by metallurgical operations. After having reviewed the different processes used to transform galena into lead, we present results of petrochemical studies from two sites : the Mont-LozĂšre workshops (Cevennes, French Massif Central) and the Pfaffenloch site (Vosges Mountains), for which hypothesis about the used process may be proposed. For the Mont LozĂšre, two processes seem to have succeeded : firstly a “roasting and reduction” process during which an ore previously roasted is introduced in a wood-coal furnace ; followed by a “precipitation” process during which the ore is introduced directly in the furnace, but with additions. For the Pfaffenloch site, only the second process seems to have been used, because a significant proportion of the gangue has been observed in the slags, implying that the ore could not have been roasted. Adds of iron comes from the gangue, consisting of an iron carbonate. This last process has been dated of 14-15th centuries

    Measurement of finite-frequency current statistics in a single-electron transistor

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    Electron transport in nano-scale structures is strongly influenced by the Coulomb interaction which gives rise to correlations in the stream of charges and leaves clear fingerprints in the fluctuations of the electrical current. A complete understanding of the underlying physical processes requires measurements of the electrical fluctuations on all time and frequency scales, but experiments have so far been restricted to fixed frequency ranges as broadband detection of current fluctuations is an inherently difficult experimental procedure. Here we demonstrate that the electrical fluctuations in a single electron transistor (SET) can be accurately measured on all relevant frequencies using a nearby quantum point contact for on-chip real-time detection of the current pulses in the SET. We have directly measured the frequency-dependent current statistics and hereby fully characterized the fundamental tunneling processes in the SET. Our experiment paves the way for future investigations of interaction and coherence induced correlation effects in quantum transport.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, published in Nature Communications (open access

    Molecular diversity and distribution of marine fungi across 130 European environmental samples.

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    Journal ArticleEnvironmental DNA and culture-based analyses have suggested that fungi are present in low diversity and in low abundance in many marine environments, especially in the upper water column. Here, we use a dual approach involving high-throughput diversity tag sequencing from both DNA and RNA templates and fluorescent cell counts to evaluate the diversity and relative abundance of fungi across marine samples taken from six European near-shore sites. We removed very rare fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) selecting only OTUs recovered from multiple samples for a detailed analysis. This approach identified a set of 71 fungal 'OTU clusters' that account for 66% of all the sequences assigned to the Fungi. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that this diversity includes a significant number of chytrid-like lineages that had not been previously described, indicating that the marine environment encompasses a number of zoosporic fungi that are new to taxonomic inventories. Using the sequence datasets, we identified cases where fungal OTUs were sampled across multiple geographical sites and between different sampling depths. This was especially clear in one relatively abundant and diverse phylogroup tentatively named Novel Chytrid-Like-Clade 1 (NCLC1). For comparison, a subset of the water column samples was also investigated using fluorescent microscopy to examine the abundance of eukaryotes with chitin cell walls. Comparisons of relative abundance of RNA-derived fungal tag sequences and chitin cell-wall counts demonstrate that fungi constitute a low fraction of the eukaryotic community in these water column samples. Taken together, these results demonstrate the phylogenetic position and environmental distribution of 71 lineages, improving our understanding of the diversity and abundance of fungi in marine environments.Gordon and Betty Moore FoundationDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftMarie Curie International Outgoing FellowshipMarie Curie Intra-European FellowshipEMBO Long-Term fellowshi

    Current correlations of an on-demand electron source as an evidence of single particle emission

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    In analogy with quantum optics, short time correlations of the current fluctuations are used to characterize an on-demand electron source consisting of a quantum dot connected to a conductor via a tunable tunnel barrier. We observe a new fundamental noise for electrons associated with the quantum fluctuations of the electron emission time, which we call quantum jitter. In optimum operating conditions of the source, the noise reduces to the quantum jitter limit, which demonstrates single particle emission. Combined with the coherent manipulations of single electrons in a quantum conductor, this electron quantum optics experiment opens the way to explore new problems including quantum statistics and interactions at the single electron level
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