Detection of moisture and moisture related phenomena from Skylab

The author had identified the following significant results. Soil moisture and precipitation variations were not detectable as tonal variations on the S19OA IR B and W photography. Some light tonal areas contained high precipitation .83 inches and high moisture content 21.1% while other light tonal areas contained only .02 inches precipitation and as little as 0.7% moisture. Similar variations were observed in dark tonal areas. This inconsistency may be caused by a lapse of 3 to 4 days from the time precipitation occurred until the photographs were taken and the fact that in the first inch of soil the measured soil moisture was generally less than 5.0%. For overall tonal contrast, the aerial color, color IR and aerial B and W appear to be the best. Cities stand out from the landscape best in the aerial color and color IR, however, to see major street patterns a combination of the two aerial B and W bands and the two IR B and W bands may be desirable. For mapping roads it is best use all 6 bands. For lake detection, the IR B and W bands would be the best but for streams the aerial B and W band would be better. The aerial color, color IR, and the two IR B and W bands are best for distinguishing cultivated and non-cultivated areas, whereas the two aerial B and W bands are better for seeing local relief. Clouds may be best seen in the aerial color and color IR bands

Detection of moisture and moisture related phenomena from Skylab

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

Detection of moisture and moisture related phenomena from Skylab

The author has identified the following significant results. Data from five Skylab passes were combined to give a composite relationship between the S194 antennae temperature and soil moisture content in the surface to one inch layer. The five data sets were comparable and resulted in a correlation coefficient of -0.97. The regression equation was used to predict soil moisture content across the United States for one particular pass on August 5, 1973

Backward Reachability of Array-based Systems by SMT solving: Termination and Invariant Synthesis

The safety of infinite state systems can be checked by a backward reachability procedure. For certain classes of systems, it is possible to prove the termination of the procedure and hence conclude the decidability of the safety problem. Although backward reachability is property-directed, it can unnecessarily explore (large) portions of the state space of a system which are not required to verify the safety property under consideration. To avoid this, invariants can be used to dramatically prune the search space. Indeed, the problem is to guess such appropriate invariants. In this paper, we present a fully declarative and symbolic approach to the mechanization of backward reachability of infinite state systems manipulating arrays by Satisfiability Modulo Theories solving. Theories are used to specify the topology and the data manipulated by the system. We identify sufficient conditions on the theories to ensure the termination of backward reachability and we show the completeness of a method for invariant synthesis (obtained as the dual of backward reachability), again, under suitable hypotheses on the theories. We also present a pragmatic approach to interleave invariant synthesis and backward reachability so that a fix-point for the set of backward reachable states is more easily obtained. Finally, we discuss heuristics that allow us to derive an implementation of the techniques in the model checker MCMT, showing remarkable speed-ups on a significant set of safety problems extracted from a variety of sources.Comment: Accepted for publication in Logical Methods in Computer Scienc

Detection of moisture and moisture related phenomena from Skylab

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

Detection of moisture and moisture related phenomena from Skylab

The author has identified the following significant results. This is a preliminary report on the ability to detect soil moisture variation from the two different sensors on board Skylab. Initial investigations of S190A and Sl94 Skylab data and ground truth has indicated the following significant results. (1) There was a decrease in Sl94 antenna temperature from NW to SE across the Texas test site. (2) Soil moisture increases were measured from NW to SE across the test site. (3) There was a general increase in precipitation distribution and radar echoes from NW to SE across the site for the few days prior to measurements. This was consistent with the soil moisture measurements and gives more complete coverage of the site. (4) There are distinct variations in soil textures over the test site. This affects the moisture holding capacity of soils and must be considered. (5) Strong correlation coefficients were obtained between S194 antenna temperature and soil moisutre content. As the antenna temperature decreases soil moisture increases. (6) The Sl94 antenna temperature correlated best with soil mositure content in the upper two inches of the soil. A correlation coefficient of .988 was obtained. (7) Sl90A photographs in the red-infrared region were shown to be useful for identification of Abilene clay loam and for determining the distribution of this soil type

Detection of moisture and moisture related phenomena from Skylab

The author has identified the following significant results. Correlations between the S-194 antenna temperature and soil moisture have been obtained for three sets of data; one for Skylab 2 and two for Skylab 3. The best correlations were obtained for the surface to one inch depth in two cases and for the surface to two inches for the third case. Correlation coefficients for the surface to one inch depth were -0.98, -0.95, and -0.82. The lowest correlation coefficient was obtained with total soil moisture variations less than 4% across the test site

Detection of moisture and moisture related phenomena from Skylab

The author has identified the following significant results. Skylab 2 data for June 5, 1973 (Texas site) relates favorably with previously calculated aircraft data when correlating brightness temperature to soil moisture. However, more detailed work is needed to determine the corrected surface temperature. In addition, correlations between the S194 antenna temperature and soil moisture have been obtained for five sets of Skylab data. The best correlations were obtained for the surface to one inch depth in four cases and for surface to two inches depth for the fifth case. Correlation coefficients for the surface to one inch depth were -0.98, -0.95, -0.90, -0.82, and -0.80

Progression through return-to-sport and return-to-academics guidelines for concussion management and recovery in collegiate student athletes: findings from the Ivy League–Big Ten Epidemiology of Concussion Study

Objective To examine the progression of collegiate student athletes through five stages of a return-to- activity protocol following sport-related concussion (SRC). Methods In a multisite prospective cohort study, we identified the frequency of initial 24–48 hours physical and cognitive rest, and the sequence of (1) symptom resolution and return to (2) exertion activity, (3) limited sport, (4) full sport and (5) full academics. In resulting profiles we estimated the likelihood of return to full sport ≤14 days or prolonged \u3e28 days and tested for variability based on timing of the stages. Results Among 1715 athletes with SRC (31.6% females), 67.9% had 24–48 hours initial physical and cognitive rest. The median was 6 days to return to full academics, 8 days to symptom resolution and 9 days to exertion. Three profiles emerged; all had the same sport-specific return progression, but varied in the relative timing of full academics. In unadjusted analyses, full academics as the first stage corresponded to the longest time to return to full sport, and initiating exertion the same day as symptom resolution resulted in the shortest time. In adjusted regression analyses, athletes initiating full academics while still symptomatic were 21.5% less likely (95% CI −27.4% to −15.5%) to return to full sport ≤14 days and, analogously, 19.1% more likely (95% CI 13.4% to 24.7%) to have prolonged return \u3e28 days. While additionally controlling for initial rest, sex, symptom count and concussion history, the likelihood of prolonged return \u3e28 days was 37.0% (95% CI 25.2% to 48.8%) in athletes initiating exertion considerably before symptoms resolved (ie, 7+ days), but only 3.6% (95% CI −1.4% to 8.6%) in athletes initiating exertion shortly before achieving symptom resolution (ie, 3–4 days). Conclusion We found evidence that sequential progressions were consistent with current recommendations including brief initial rest, and the initiation and relative timing of each stage impacted the final return-to- sport outcome

The Role of Reported Affective Symptoms and Anxiety in Recovery Trajectories After Sport-Related Concussion

Background: There is growing awareness and clinical interest in athletes with affective symptoms after sport-related concussion (SRC), as these symptoms may contribute to overall symptoms and represent a modifiable risk factor of longer recovery. However, evidence of their effects on the entire return-to-play (RTP) trajectory, particularly among women and men, is limited. Purpose/Hypothesis: To examine the relationship between affective symptom reporting and RTP progression after SRC among a cohort of Division 1 student-athletes. We hypothesized that those endorsing affective symptoms, specifically nervous-anxious symptoms, spend more time in RTP progression and recovery. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Using SRC data from the Ivy League–Big Ten Epidemiology of Concussion Study among varsity athletes through February 2020, we identified the 4 affective symptoms from the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool symptom inventory. We modeled the relationship between a 4-category affective symptom variable and time to symptom resolution, RTP, and RTP progression, adjusting for nonaffective symptom prevalence and concussion history. Cox regressions were used to estimate hazard ratios for time to event outcomes, and linear regressions were used to evaluate mean differences for continuous outcomes. Results: Among 2077 student-athletes (men, 63.5%) with SRC symptoms, affective symptom prevalence was 47.6% and 44.3% in women and men, respectively, and nervous-anxious prevalence was 24.2% and 22.5%, respectively. When comparing women with and without co-occurring affective symptoms, rates of symptom resolution and RTP were significantly lower in those with affective symptoms, and women with nervous-anxious symptoms spent significantly longer in RTP progression. When comparing men with and without co-occurring affective symptoms, rates of symptom resolution and RTP were significantly lower in those with co-occurring affective symptoms, and affective symptoms were not associated with time in RTP progression. Conclusion: Student-athletes with affective symptoms and nervous-anxious symptoms exhibited delayed clinical recovery and RTP timelines, particularly for time in RTP. Symptom prevalence and concussion history contributed to this; however, unmeasured confounding remains, as indicated by the poor model fit. This study motivates future work to explore affective symptoms and RTP timelines, considering anxiety and risk/protective factors over time. Ivy League–Big Ten Epidemiology of Concussion Study Investigators: Current and past site investigators have been instrumental in accomplishing this work: Russell Fiore, MEd, ATC, and Bryn VanPatten, PhD, MSEd, ATC (Brown University) William N. Levine, MD, and Natasha Desai, MD (Columbia University) David C. Wentzel, DO, and Amy Sucheski-Drake, MD (Cornell University) Kristine A. Karlson, MD (Dartmouth College) Frank Wang, MD, and Lars Richardson, MD, PhD (Harvard University) Nicholas L. Port, PhD (Indiana University) Mathew Saffarian, DO, (Michigan State University) Brian Vesci, MA, ATC (Northwestern University) Michael Gay, PhD, ATC (Pennsylvania State University) Carly Day, MD (Purdue University) Margot Putukian, MD (Princeton University) Carrie Esopenko, PhD (Rutgers University) Matthew B. Wheeler, PhD, and Randy A. Ballard, ATC (University of Illinois) Andy Peterson, MD, MSPH (University of Iowa) David Klossner, PhD (University of Maryland) Erin M. Moore, MEd, ATC (University of Minnesota) Art Maerlender, PhD, and Cary R Savage, PhD (University of Nebraska-Lincoln) Brian J. Sennett, MD (University of Pennsylvania) Stephanie Arlis-Mayor, MD (Yale University). Includes Appendi