THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON LEARNING - THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE GHANAIAN STUDENT

This study aimed at accessing the impact of Covid-19 on Ghana’s teaching and learning. The study employed a Descriptive survey design in which 11 items Likert-scale type of questionnaires was administered to 214 respondents mainly students in the second cycle and tertiary institutions of Ghana. The study employed simple random sampling technique in selecting the respondents for the study. The study revealed some challenges students encounter in the close down of schools due to the outbreak of the pandemic Covid-19: Students are unable to study effectively from the house thus, making the online system of learning very ineffective. Again, parents are incapable of assisting their wards on how to access online learning platform, neither can they entirely supervise the learning of their children at home without any complications. It came to light that the pandemic really has had a negative impact on their learning as many of them are not used to effectively learn by themselves. The e-learning platforms rolled out also poses challenge to majority of the students because of the limited access to internet and lack of the technical knowhow of these technological devices by most Ghanaian students. The study therefore recommends that students should be introduced to e-learning platforms to supplement classroom teaching and learning.  Article visualizations

Financial inclusion, vulnerability coping strategies and multidimensional poverty: Does conceptualisation of financial inclusion matter?

Background Older patients often experience safety issues when transitioning from hospital to home. The ‘Your Care Needs You’ (YCNY) intervention aims to support older people to ‘know more’ and ‘do more’ whilst in hospital so that they are better prepared for managing at home. Methods A multi-centre cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) will evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the YCNY intervention. Forty acute hospital wards (clusters) in England from varying medical specialities will be randomised to deliver YCNY or care-as-usual on a 1:1 basis. The primary outcome will be unplanned hospital readmission rates within 30 days of discharge. This will be extracted from routinely collected data of at least 5440 patients (aged 75 years and older) discharged to their own homes during the 4- to 5-month YCNY intervention period. A nested cohort of up to 1000 patients will be recruited to the study to collect secondary outcomes via follow-up questionnaires at 5-, 30- and 90-day post-discharge. These will include measures of patient experience of transitions, patient-reported safety events, quality of life and healthcare resource use. Unplanned hospital readmission rates at 60 and 90 days of discharge will be collected from routine data. A process evaluation (primarily interviews and observations with patients, carers and staff ) will be conducted to understand the implementation of the intervention and the contextual factors that shape this, as well as the intervention’s underlying mechanisms of action. Fidelity of intervention delivery will also be assessed across all intervention wards

Urinary metabolic profiling of liver fluke-induced cholangiocarcinoma—a follow-up study

Background/Aims: Global liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) profiling in a Thai population has previously identified a urinary metabolic signature in Opisthorchis viverrini-induced cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), primarily characterised by disturbance in acylcarnitine, bile acid, steroid, and purine metabolism. However, the detection of thousands of analytes by LC-MS in a biological sample in a single experiment potentially introduces false discovery errors. To verify these observed metabolic perturbations, a second validation dataset from the same population was profiled in a similar fashion. Methods: Reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry was utilised to acquire the global spectral profile of 98 spot urine samples (from 46 healthy volunteers and 52 CCA patients) recruited from Khon Kaen, northeast Thailand (the highest incidence of CCA globally). Results: Metabolites were differentially expressed in the urinary profiles from CCA patients. High urinary elimination of bile acids was affected by the presence of obstructive jaundice. The urine metabolome associated with non-jaundiced CCA patients showed a distinctive pattern, similar but not identical to published studies. A panel of 10 metabolites achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 93.4% and area under the curve value of 98.8% (CI = 96.3%–100%) for the presence of CCA. Conclusions: Global characterisation of the CCA urinary metabolome identified several metabolites of biological interest in this validation study. Analyses of the diagnostic utility of the discriminant metabolites showed excellent diagnostic potential. Further larger scale studies are required to confirm these findings internationally, particularly in comparison to sporadic CCA, not associated with liver fluke infestation

Climate Change Impacts on West African Agriculture: An Integrated Regional Assessment (CIWARA)

The West African Sub-Saharan region (Fig. 1) is home to some 300 million people, with at least 60% engaged in agricultural activity. Climate change is now recognized as a major constraint to development worldwide. While climate change primarily relates to the future, historical trends give evidence of climate change already occurring. Temperature increases of 1 to 1.5◦C have been observed over the last 30 years in West Africa (EPA Ghana, 2001; IPCC, 2007) and there are projections of further warming of the West African region in the foreseeable future (2040–2069; Fig. 2a). The impact of climate change on West African rainfall is less clear. The analysis of historical data over the last 30 years shows that, whereas some zones experienced increased rainfall by as much as 20% to 40%, other locations experienced a decline in annual rainfall by about 15%. Future projections suggest a drier western Sahel (e.g., Senegal) but a wetter eastern Sahel (e.g., Mali, Niger; Fig. 2b). The southern locations of WestAfrica (e.g., Ghana) are projected to experience no change or slight increases in annual rainfall (Hulme et al., 2001). Irrespective of whether these zones will be dryer or not, there is historical evidence of shifts in rainfall patterns with extreme events (i.e., droughts and floods) becoming more frequent (Adiku and Stone, 1995) and it is probable that this trend may persist into the future..

Prevalence of accommodative insufficiency and accommodative infacility among junior high school students in a Ghanaian town

This study sought to determine the prevalence of accommodative dysfunctions among Junior High School students in the Sunyani Municipality in the Brong Ahafo region of Ghana. All the 204 students who were present in the randomly selected Junior High School on the day of the data collection participated in the study. The eye examinations performed on all participants included visual acuity tests, refraction (objective and subjective), and Ophthalmoscopy. The demographic variables of the participants as well as their medical and ocular history were taken during interviews. Donder’s Push-Up method was employed using the Royal Armed Forces (RAF) rule to determine the Amplitude of Accommodation (AA) of the pupils. The accommodative facility test was performed using the +2.00/-2.00 flipper. Among the 204 participants, 65 (32%) were found to have accommodative insufficiency whilst 54 (26%) had accommodative infacility. Eighty (39%) out of the 204 participants had at least one of the two dysfunctions with 39 (19%) participants having both dysfunctions. Accommodative anomalies were common among the Junior High School students. Since accommodative and vergence functions are necessary for accurate and efficient reception of visual input, it is therefore necessary for these functions to be tested in all basic school children. Effects of accommodative dysfunctions on academic performance need to be studied.Keywords: Amplitude of Accommodation, Accommodative Insufficiency, Accommodative Infacility, Dysfunctions, Ey

Mobile money adoption and response to idiosyncratic shocks: Empirics from five selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa

In sub-Saharan Africa, financial inclusion remains low, with households being more vulnerable to idiosyncratic shocks. Mobile money has been identified as having the potential to boost financial inclusion while closing the related gender- and rural-gaps in the process. Nonetheless, little is known about how mobile money facilitates the sending and receipt of financial support in times of idiosyncratic shocks. This study examines the link between mobile money adoption and response to idiosyncratic shocks from the perspectives of senders and receivers using comprehensive household data across five countries. Employing the number of mobile money agents in respondent's neighbourhood as instrument in an instrumental variable probit procedure, we find that adoption of mobile money is associated with an increase in the probability to send (receive) financial support to (from) families, friends, relatives, co-workers and acquaintances in times of idiosyncratic shocks but the sending effect outweighs that of the receiving. Overall, female-headed and rural-located households end up being the net beneficiaries of mobile money adoption when it comes to idiosyncratic shocks. Mobile money regulators and standard setting authorities are urged to engage with telecommunications companies and other stakeholders to deepen the digital financial ecosystem

Improving productivity among smallholder farmers in Ghana: does financial inclusion matter?

Purpose Does financial inclusion matter for productivity among smallholder farmers? The authors answer this question by using the sixth and seventh rounds of the Ghana Living Standard Survey to examine the extent to which financial inclusion affects productivity among smallholder farmers in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a pooled data of the 6th and 7th rounds of the Ghana Living Standard Survey which are national representative data. The authors model an Instrumental Variable (IV) to correct for endogeneity in financial inclusion and a dominance analysis to examine the effects of access to credit, ownership of savings account and insurance product on farmers' productivity. Findings Results from the study indicate that financial inclusion significantly enhances productivity. Moreover, credit, savings and insurance products influence productivity at various degrees. Thus, expanding the scope of financial services (access to credit, savings and insurance) among smallholder farmers is crucial for inclusive finance and sustainable agricultural production. Practical implications The findings of the study have implications for financial institutions in the design of financial products that the meet the needs of smallholder farmers. Originality/value Several studies have looked at how access to credit influences agricultural productivity in Africa. However, in recent times financial inclusion has been advocated for because it goes beyond mere access to credit. This paper to the best of our knowledge is the first of its kind to examine how financial inclusion could affect agricultural productivity in Ghana

Critical slope length for soil loss mitigation in maize-bean cropping systems in SW Kenya

Published online: 01 Jul 2020Soil erosion and land fragmentation threaten agricultural production of sub-Saharan African highlands. At our study site in Western Kenya, farm size is mostly < 2 ha, laid out in narrow strips in slope direction and ploughed downhill. Soil conservation measures like hedgerows and green manures can reduce effective slope length for erosion, but compete with crops for space and labour. Knowledge of critical slope length can minimise interventions and trade–offs. Hence, a maize–bean intercrop (MzBn) slope length trial on 20, 60 and 84 m long plots, replicated twice on three farms was carried out in Rongo, Migori County, during one rainy season. Soil loss from 84 m slope length (SL) plots was 250 % higher than from 60 m and 710% higher than from 20 m plots, while soil loss from 20 and 60 m plots did not differ (p < 0.05). Conversely, runoff was lower on the 84 m than on the 60 m (p < 0.05) or the 20 m SL (p < 0.05). Across all three farms slope gradient and length had highest explanatory power to predict soil loss. At individual farm level, under similar slope and soil texture, slope length and profile curvature were most influential. Regarding results of the slope length experiments, food crop plot lengths < 50 m appear essential considering soil loss, sediment load, and soil loss to yield ratio under the given rainfall, soil and slope (10–14%) conditions. Our results call for designing integrating slope length options and cropping systems for effective soil conservation. We recommend planting Mucuna and Calliandra–hedgerows as buffer strips below the critical slope length, and legume cash crops and maize uphill. Such approaches are critical against the backdrop of land fragmentation and labour limitation to sustainably maximise food production from the available land area in the region