Are non-tariff measures a substitute for tariffs in agricultural trade? Recent evidence from southern Mediterranean countries

[EN] The significance of and interest in non-tariff measures (NTMs) have increased as a consequence of the reduction in agricultural tariffs. This paper analyses the relationship between NTMs and tariffs in southern Mediterranean countries (SMCs) through two complementary analyses. First, the authors construct a taxonomy of protection for products, distinguishing between high protection, transparent protection, low protection and disguised protection. The low protection category is most widely represented, and the disguised protection category is also important. Second, the policy substitution hypothesis between tariff and non-tariff protection is tested. This hypothesis appears in the literature as the possibility that countries implement NTMs for protection purposes, as a result of the progressive reduction in the tariffs levied. Policy substitution is found in some SMCs, which is consistent with an upward trend of non-tariff protection as tariff liberalization progresses in the region.The authors are grateful for support from the European Commission through FP7 'Sustainable agri-food systems and rural development in the Mediterranean Partner Countries' (SUSTAINMED, FP7-KBBE-2009-3-245233), and from the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (PAID-06-12).Tudela Marco, L.; García Alvarez-Coque, JM.; Martinez Gómez, VD. (2014). Are non-tariff measures a substitute for tariffs in agricultural trade? Recent evidence from southern Mediterranean countries. Outlook On Agriculture. 43(4):235-240. https://doi.org/10.5367/oa.2014.0187S23524043

Tariffs and other trade costs: assessing obstacles to Mediterranean countries' access to EU-15 fruit and vegetable markets

This paper evaluates the role of tariffs in the overall trade barriers faced by Mediterranean countries that export fruit and vegetables to the European Union (EU), using a gravity model. With an annual specification, we measure the border effect faced by the Mediterranean countries on entering EU markets and show that trade costs other than transport costs and tariffs seriously hinder exports from Mediterranean countries. A second specification analyses the impact of seasonality on tariff sensitivity. Periods of the year during which liberalisation could have a greater impact on trade are identified. Oxford University Press and Foundation for the European Review of Agricultural Economics 2009; all rights reserved. For permissions, please email [email protected], Oxford University Press.

Des productions végétales très méditerranéennes [Partie 4. Hommes et productions]

International audienceAu coeur des agricultures méditerranéennes depuis des siècles, l’olivier, le blé et la vigne restent les piliers essentiels des économies agricoles du bassin méditerranéen, au même titre que les fruits et légumes

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Application of SS 316 metal is commonly used as a building material in the chemical industry. This material is commonly used because it has good mechanical properties, corrosion resistant, but in reality, the SS 316 L metal can corrosive its acid environment, making it easy to solve the problem. corrosion. Therefore, this study is aimed to study SS316L corrosion level in H2SO4 acid by using weight loss method with 1 day, 3 days and 5 days immersion in H2SO4 environment with concentration 0,1 M, 0,3 M and 0,5 M The results showed that the corrosion rate increased with increasing concentration of H2SO4 and yield up to 5 days with average corrosion rate (CR) 2.729078 x 10-6 mpy. Morphological damage SS 316 L is demonstrated by SEM (Electron Microscope Scanning) there is a pitting corrosion on the metal surfac

Des productions végétales très méditerranéennes [Partie 4. Hommes et productions]

International audienceAu coeur des agricultures méditerranéennes depuis des siècles, l’olivier, le blé et la vigne restent les piliers essentiels des économies agricoles du bassin méditerranéen, au même titre que les fruits et légumes

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