Detection of exercise adaptations by different specimens analysis

This literature review is a compilation of the most used methods to monitoring athletes in training and competition. Blood is certainly the best known and proven methodology and a wide range of markers can be analyzed through it, but it can be difficult to obtain, especially among athletes or people who are afraid of needles. The use of saliva is an interesting alternative especially for the easy and less invasive method of collecting. The saliva infact contains a few of compounds diffused in the plasma, like water, electrolytes, proteins, metabolites and hormones. However, new methods yet poorly understood are slowly catching on; sweat for example, may carry far more information, may provide useful biomarkers that can give indications about the physical state of the body (electrolytes, lactate, creatinine, glucose, proteins, amino acids) and may be easier to stimulate, gather, and analyze than previously thought

La direccionalidad del núcleo en la gramática de los bilingües inglés – portugués brasileño: la dicotomía sufijos flexivos – sufijos derivativos

IX Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas realizado nos dias 22 a 25 agosto 2016El portugués brasileño (PB) se considera una lengua de núcleo a la izquierda, como vemos en (1b) frente a (1c). Si bien Zwicky (1985) mantiene que la direccionalidad del núcleo es la misma en la morfología flexiva que en la derivativa, la relación entre la direccionalidad del núcleo y el afijo diminutivo no es tan clara como en el caso de la flexión. Al igual que la flexión de plural, (2b) inho tiene abarque sobre todo el compuesto y, por lo tanto, la representación de (2b) es la versión reducida de (2a). Sin embargo, cuando inho se une al modificador como en (2c), la interpretación no queda clara. (1a) uma mulher polvo (1b) duas mulherES polvo (1c) *duas mulher polvoS (2a) homem lobo (2b) homenzINHO lobo (2c) homem lobINHO En este estudio 30 hablantes de inglés L1 – PBL2 y 30 de PBL1 participaron en dos experimentos: una Tarea con Imágenes (TI) que mostraba compuestos NN con afijo diminutivo (inho/inha) y una tarea de Juicios de Aceptabilidad (TJA) con afijo diminutivo y afijo plural (s). Los resultados de la TI muestran que los hablantes de PBL1 no interpretan que inho en el modificador tenga abarque sobre todo el compuesto y los hablantes de PBL2 diferencian entre los casos en que inho se sitúa en el núcleo o en el modificador. Los resultados de la TJA revelan que, tanto para los hablantes de PBL1 como para los de PBL2, la aceptabilidad de los afijos flexivos y derivativos en el modificador es siempre significativamente más baja que la de esos afijos en el núcleo. Esto explica que la direccionalidad del núcleo para los afijos flexivos y para la derivación está mejor establecida en la gramática del PBL1 que en la gramática PBL2UNILA­-UNIOEST

Effects of different circuit training protocols on body mass, fat mass and blood parameters among overweight adults

The benefits of regular exercise are known for a long time, but the mechanisms underlying the exercise mode recommendations for specific chronic cardiovascular diseases remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of different circuit training protocols in sedentary overweight adults

A encruzilhada das relativas não estândar entre o espanhol (E) e português brasileiro(PB) e seus efeitos sobre a aprendizagem de ELE por brasileiros

IX Congresso Brasileiro de Hispanistas realizado nos dias 22 a 25 agosto 2016Ainda que a formação das construções relativas seja semelhante no espanhol (E) e no português brasileiro (PB), o uso das relativas restritivas não estândar parece ser diferente. No E, por um lado, é bastante comum a relativa com pronome resumptivo (Brucart, 1999), (Es una chica que ya te he dicho que ayer hablamos con ella), sobretudo quando o antecedente é indefinido e está distante da cláusula relativa; por outro, não são comuns ou aceitas as construções oblíquas com um complementizador (Rivero, 1982, apud Liceras, 1986, p. 47) e a preposição elidida (?Este es el libro que he hablado muchas veces). Já em PB a formação preferida é a com complementizador e sem preposição –segundo Tarallo (1983) uma cortadora (A moça que eu falei ontem está aqui)– frente à construção com resumptivo (A moça que eu falei com ela ontem está aqui), atualmente estigmatizada.Com o objetivo de investigar o grau de aceitabilidade das relativas especificativas no E por falantes do PB e determinar em que medida se produz transferência da L1, aplicamos um teste de Juízo de Aceitabilidade a 30 falantes de ELE cuja língua materna é o PB e a um grupo de controle de 30 hispanofalantes. Os resultados mostraram que o grau de aceitação das construções cortadoras é mais alto que o grau de aceitabilidade das relativas com resumptivo. Os hispano- falantes vão em direção oposta: as construções de resumptivo apresentaram um grau mais alto de aceitabilidade que as cortadoras, o que permite concluir que os falantes do PB transferem suas preferências ao E, tal como podíamos predizer a partir das propostas dos linguistasUNILA­-UNIOEST

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND WELL-BEING

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that affects central nervous system (CNS) \u2013 coexists in brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. It can process in three different courses: remitting, progressive and progressive-relapsing. Although there is still no cure for MS, effective strategies are available to modify the disease course, reduce number of relapses, rate of progressions and development of new lesions. Nowadays, moderate physical performance is strongly recommended: besides having positive effects on the body, it can have a positive effect on the psychophysical wellbeing. Essentially there are 3 types of training protocols: aerobic (endurance training), strength training (resistance training) and combined training. The majority of the studies suggests that regular physical activity can improve fatigue, depression and quality of life in people with MS, however most of the researchers worked without any guidelines for physical activity adapted to the MS, which are still under review by the scientific communit

Social closeness,salivary hormones and physical exercise

Introduction: Saliva collection and analysis is quickly becoming a useful and non-invasive tool for the evaluation of sport biomarkers. The aim of this study is to create a multidisciplinary assessment model, which can help to provide psychological and physiological responses, related to sport performances, social closeness and performance anxiety management in team sports. Materials and methods: We enrolled in our research 26 female volleyball players aged 13 ± 1 years old of three different teams (T1: 12 players; T2: 9 players; T3: 5 players). Saliva collection was carried out before and after the match for every team. Then we analyzed cortisol and progesterone concentrations through Elisa standard kits. Results: The results of the T-test performed on the total results showed a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) in cortisol levels pre and post match: in fact, it has been shown a statistical significant decrease (p < 0.001). The analysis performed using just samples post match shows a negative correlation between social closeness, cortisol and progesterone levels, with p < 0.010 for progesterone vs social closeness and p < 0.012 for cortisol vs social closeness, which indicates that increasing of one of the two hormones reduces relationship. About the winner teams and the looser teams, there is a negative correlation between pre match cortisol levels and performance anxiety (p < 0.042)

PLASMA MEMBRANE REDOX SYSTEM IN THE ERYTHROCYTES OF ROWERS: PILOT STUDY

Background: The oxidative stress results from a change in the physiological balance between oxidant and antioxidant species. The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to investigate the effects of long-term training in sports with high energy requirements on the redox balance which exists between the plasma vs. the erythrocytes; second, to study the activity of the PMRS (Plasma Membrane Redox System), which is a compensatory mechanism of cellular redox homeostasis, in the rowers’ erythrocytes in order to determine the rowers’ counteraction to oxidative stress. Methods: Venous blood samples was collected from rowers and control group; then FRAP (Ferric Reducing Activity Power) method has been used to determine the antioxidant capabilities both in the plasma and in the erythrocytes of 22 rowers vs. 26 sedentary subjects. For the same groups of subjects, the PMRS in erythrocytes has been also evaluated. Results: The plasmatic antioxidant activity was 21% lower in the group of rowers compared to the sedentary group (p = 0,02). In contrast, no significant differences were found in the reducing activity of the erythrocytes; however the erythrocytes of the rowers have shown values of the PMRS 35% higher than the untrained group (p &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions: Rowing induces a significant oxidative stress in the plasma corresponding to the high intensity training, while this effect lacks in erythrocytes. At the same time an increased quantity of the PMRS has been observed in the erythrocytes. In conclusion, in well trained athletes this not lead to established an oxidative stress condition because long-term training adaptatively improves the efficiency of the antioxidant syste

Neurobiology of performance anxiety:A new approach

The aim of this study is to investigate the neurobiology of stress/emotionality, creating a multidisciplinary assessment model, which can help to provide psychological and physiological responses depending on the genetic background related to sport performances, social closeness and performance anxiety management in team sports. We enrolled 20 female volleyball players aged 13 \ub1 1 years old played in two different teams during a regional championship final. Saliva collection was carried out before and after the match. In order to evaluate the neuroendocrine effectors involved in stress and performance, we analyzed cortisol and progesterone levels through Elisa standard kit as well as HSP70 and amylase activity as stress-induced markers. As concern the psychometric assesment, we administrated he CSAI-2 test, Closeness Generating Procedure and STAI test. Genomic DNA was isolated from saliva cells using a QIAamp saliva kit according to the manufacturer\u2019s protocols. The SNP of the 5-HTTLPR, BDNF, DRD4 were analyzed. The results of the T-test performed on the total results showed a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) in cortisol levels pre and post match, as well between amylase and HP70 according to the genetic background. The analysis performed using just post match samples show a negative correlation between social closeness, cortisol and progesterone levels, with p < 0.010 for progesterone vs social closeness and p < 0.012 for cortisol vs social closeness. About the winner teams and the looser teams, there is a negative correlation between pre match cortisol levels and performance anxiety (p < 0.042)

Variability of Forebrain Commissures in Callosal Agenesis: A Prenatal MR Imaging Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Agenesis of the corpus callosum, even when isolated, may be characterized by anatomic variability. The aim of this study was to describe the types of other forebrain commissures in a large cohort of randomly enrolled fetuses with apparently isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum at prenatal MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All fetuses with apparent isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum undergoing prenatal MR imaging from 2004 to 2014, were evaluated for the presence of the anterior or a vestigial hippocampal commissure assessed in consensus by 2 pediatric neuroradiologists. RESULTS: Overall, 62 cases of agenesis of the corpus callosum were retrieved from our data base. In 3/62 fetuses (4.8%), no forebrain commissure was visible at prenatal MR imaging, 23/62 fetuses (37.1%) presented with only the anterior commissure, and 20/62 fetuses (32.3%) showed both the anterior commissure and a residual vestigial hippocampal commissure, whereas in the remaining 16/62 fetuses (25.8%), a hybrid structure merging a residual vestigial hippocampal commissure and a rudiment of the corpus callosum body was detectable. Postnatal MR imaging, when available, confirmed prenatal forebrain commissure findings. CONCLUSIONS: Most fetuses with apparent isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum showed at least 1 forebrain commissure at prenatal MR imaging, and approximately half of fetuses also had a second commissure: a vestigial hippocampal commissure or a hybrid made of a hippocampal commissure and a rudimentary corpus callosum body. Whether such variability is the result of different genotypes and whether it may have any impact on the long-term neurodevelopmental outcome remains to be assessed. AC : anterior commissure ACC : agenesis of the corpus callosum CC : corpus callosum GA : gestational age HC : hippocampal commissure HS : hybrid structur

Variability of forebrain commissures in callosal agenesis: A prenatal MR imaging study

Background and Purpose: Agenesis of the corpus callosum, even when isolated, may be characterized by anatomic variability. The aim of this study was to describe the types of other forebrain commissures in a large cohort of randomly enrolled fetuses with apparently isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum at prenatal MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All fetuses with apparent isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum undergoing prenatal MR imaging from 2004 to 2014, were evaluated for the presence of the anterior or a vestigial hippocampal commissure assessed in consensus by 2 pediatric neuroradiologists. RESULTS: Overall, 62 cases of agenesis of the corpus callosum were retrieved from our data base. In 3/62 fetuses (4.8%), no forebrain commissure was visible at prenatal MR imaging, 23/62 fetuses (37.1%) presented with only the anterior commissure, and 20/62 fetuses (32.3%) showed both the anterior commissure and a residual vestigial hippocampal commissure, whereas in the remaining 16/62 fetuses (25.8%), a hybrid structure merging a residual vestigial hippocampal commissure and a rudiment of the corpus callosum body was detectable. Postnatal MR imaging, when available, confirmed prenatal forebrain commissure findings. CONCLUSIONS: Most fetuses with apparent isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum showed at least 1 forebrain commissure at prenatal MR imaging, and approximately half of fetuses also had a second commissure: a vestigial hippocampal commissure or a hybrid made of a hippocampal commissure and a rudimentary corpus callosum body. Whether such variability is the result of different genotypes and whether it may have any impact on the long-term neurodevelopmental outcome remains to be assessed