Data report: logging while drilling data analysis of Leg 171A, a multivariate statistical approach

In the northern Barbados accretionary wedge, several Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) legs (DSDP Leg 78 and ODP Legs 110, 156, and 171A) targeted the décollement and the seaward extension of the décollement, the proto-décollement. During Leg 171A, the logging while drilling (LWD) technique was used to determine the physical properties variations along a profile across the deformation front. Because of the unstable borehole conditions in accretionary wedges, LWD is the most effective method for the measurements of physical properties in these poorly consolidated sediments. LWD data are acquired just above the drill bit a few minutes after the formation has been drilled, yielding measurements as close to in situ conditions as possible. The large amount of LWD data and the demand for a quick, objective, and reliable evaluation calls for the application of multivariate statistical methods. The multivariate factor analysis is a method of reducing the amount of logging data while giving them a new integrated meaning with no loss of important information, resulting in factor logs that are helpful tools for further interpretation. The cluster analysis of the two or three most significant factors proved to be a useful and objective method to identify and confirm significant logging units. The main objective of the application of multivariate statistical methods in this study is twofold. First, Leg 171A was a stand-alone logging leg, where no cores were retrieved. The factor analysis was used as an objective tool for a classification of the drilled sequences based on their physical and chemical properties. The new factor logs mirror the basic processes behind the measured geophysical properties and make them easier to interpret. Second, in the succeeding cluster analysis, similar geophysical properties are grouped into one cluster, reflecting one logging unit. These objectively defined logging units can be compared to statistical electrofacies, which are helpful in differentiating lithologic characterizations. In particular for LWD measurements, the multivariate statistical methods of factor and cluster analysis are helpful tools for a fast, reliable, and objective definition of logging units, which should be considered for future legs

Вплив нормального тиску на напружений стан гуми ступінчастого каната на робочому органі підйомної машини

Досліджено напружений стан гуми ступінчастого гумотросового каната у разі його застосування на підйомній машині з бобінним робочим органом та зі шківом тертя. Показано, що максимальні напруження в гумі залежать від конструкції каната та тиску, що виникає поміж шарами. Форма поперечного перерізу троса також впливає на напружений стан гуми.Исследовано напряженное состояние резины ступенчатого резинотросового каната в случае его применения на подъемной машине с бобинным рабочим органом и со шкивом трения. Показано, что максимальные напряжения в резине зависят от конструкции каната и давления, возникающего между слоями. Форма поперечного сечения троса также влияет на напряженное состояние резины.The stress-strain state of stepped rubber-rope cable in bobbin of winding and in pulley friction, are investigated. Shown that the maximum stress in the rubber depends on the design of the rope and the pressure appeared between the layers. Cable cross-sectional shape also affects to the stressstrain state of rubber

Effective algebraic degeneracy

We prove that any nonconstant entire holomorphic curve from the complex line C into a projective algebraic hypersurface X = X^n in P^{n+1}(C) of arbitrary dimension n (at least 2) must be algebraically degenerate provided X is generic if its degree d = deg(X) satisfies the effective lower bound: d larger than or equal to n^{{(n+1)}^{n+5}}

Origin of light volatile hydrocarbon gases in mud volcano fluids, Gulf of Cadiz - evidence for multiple sources and transport mechanisms in active sedimentary wedges

Widespread mud volcanism across the thick (<= 14 km) seismically active sedimentary prism of the Gulf of Cadiz is driven by tectonic activity along extensive strike-slip faults and thrusts associated with the accommodation of the Africa-Eurasia convergence and building of the Arc of Gibraltar, respectively. An investigation of eleven active sites located on the Moroccan Margin and in deeper waters across the wedge showed that light volatile hydrocarbon gases vented at the mud volcanoes (MVs) have distinct, mainly thermogenic, origins. Gases of higher and lower thermal maturities are mixed at Ginsburg and Mercator MVs on the Moroccan Margin, probably because high maturity gases that are trapped beneath evaporite deposits are transported upwards at the MVs and mixed with shallower, less mature, thermogenic gases during migration. At all other sites except for the westernmost Porto MV, delta C-13-CH4 and delta H-2-CH4 values of similar to -50 parts per thousand and -200 parts per thousand, respectively, suggest a common origin for methane; however, the ratio of CH4/(C2H6 + C3H8) varies from similar to 10 to > 7000 between sites. Mixing of shallow biogenic and deep thermogenic gases cannot account for the observed compositions which instead result mainly from extensive migration of thermogenic gases in the deeply-buried sediments, possibly associated with biodegradation of C2+ homologues and secondary methane production at Captain Arutyunov and Carlos Ribeiro MVs. At the deep-water Bonjardim, Olenin and Carlos Ribeiro MVs, generation of C2+-enriched gases is probably promoted by high heat flux anomalies which have been measured in the western area of the wedge. At Porto MV, gases are highly enriched in CH4 having delta C-13-CH4 similar to -50 parts per thousand, as at most sites, but markedly lower delta H-2-CH4 Values < -250 parts per thousand, suggesting that it is not generated by thermal cracking of n-alkanes but rather that it has a deep Archaeal origin. The presence of petroleum-type hydrocarbons is consistent with a thermogenic origin, and at sites where CH4 is predominant support the suggestion that gases have experienced extensive transport during which they mobilized oil from sediments similar to 2-4 km deep. These fluids then migrate into shallower, thermally immature muds, driving their mobilization and extrusion at the seafloor. At Porto MV, the limited presence of petroleum in mud breccia sediments further supports the hypothesis of a predominantly deep microbial origin of CH4. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Observation of strong final-state effects in pi+ production in pp collisions at 400 MeV

Differential cross sections of the reactions $pp \to d\pi^+$ and $pp \to pn\pi^+$ have been measured at $T_p = 400$ MeV by detecting the charged ejectiles in the angular range $4^0 \leq \Theta_{Lab} \leq 21^\circ$. The deduced total cross sections agree well with those published previously for neighbouring energies. The invariant mass spectra are observed to be strongly affected by $\Delta$ production and $NN$ final-state interaction. The data are well described by Monte Carlo simulations including both these effects. The ratio of $pp \to pn\pi^+$ and $pp \to d\pi^+$ cross sections also compares favourably to a recent theoretical prediction which suggests a dominance of $np$-production in the relative $^3S_1$-state.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figure

Direct image to subtype prediction for brain tumors using deep learning

BACKGROUND: Deep Learning (DL) can predict molecular alterations of solid tumors directly from routine histopathology slides. Since the 2021 update of the World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria, the classification of brain tumors integrates both histopathological and molecular information. We hypothesize that DL can predict molecular alterations as well as WHO subtyping of brain tumors from hematoxylin and eosin-stained histopathology slides. METHODS: We used weakly supervised DL and applied it to three large cohorts of brain tumor samples, comprising N = 2845 patients. RESULTS: We found that the key molecular alterations for subtyping, IDH and ATRX, as well as 1p19q codeletion, were predictable from histology with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.95, 0.90, and 0.80 in the training cohort, respectively. These findings were upheld in external validation cohorts with AUROCs of 0.90, 0.79, and 0.87 for prediction of IDH, ATRX, and 1p19q codeletion, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the future, such DL-based implementations could ease diagnostic workflows, particularly for situations in which advanced molecular testing is not readily available

Rationality in Differential Algebraic Geometry

Parametric Cartan theory of exterior differential systems, and explicit cohomology of projective manifolds reveal united rationality features of differential algebraic geometry.Comment: Abel Symposium 201

Металлизация поверхности керамики В4С комбинированным электронно-ионно-плазменным методом

Объектом исследования является керамика В4С с металлизированной поверхностью. Цель работы – исследование структуры и свойств систем «пленка (Ti)/(В4С-керамика) подложка» и «пленка (Cu)/(В4С-керамика) подложка», обработанных интенсивным импульсным электронным пучком. В процессе исследования проводились рентгенофазовые исследование; исследование поверхности и излома образцов методом сканирующей электронной микроскопии; исследование микротвердости и коэффициента вязкости разрушения образов. В результате исследования установлено формированию в поверхностном слое толщиной (5-7) мкм многофазной структуры эвтектического типа, состоящей из кристаллитов карбида бора, диборида титана и титана; снижение микротвердости модифицированных образцов керамики Ti/В4С в ≈1,2 раза относительно микротвёрдости исходных образцов. Основные конструктивные, технологические и технико-эксплуатационные характеристики: температура разложения >2450 °C; плотность 2,52 г/см³; теплопроводность 121 Вт/(мК) при 300 °К; микротвёрдость 49,1 ГПа; модуль упругости 450 ГПа; полупроводник p-типа.The object of the research is B4C ceramics with metallized surface. Objective - to study the structure and properties of systems "film (Ti) / (B4C-ceramic) substrate" and "film (Cu) / (B4C-ceramic) substrate" treated with intense pulsed electron beam. The study carried out X-ray phase study; study the surface and break the samples by scanning electron microscopy; study of microhardness and fracture toughness ratio images. The study showed the formation of a surface layer (5-7) m multiphase eutectic structure consisting of crystallites of boron carbide, titanium diboride, and titanium; decrease in microhardness modified ceramic samples Ti / B4C in ≈1,2 times the microhardness of the initial samples. The basic constructive, technological and technical and operational characteristics: the decomposition temperature of> 2450 ° C; density 2.52 g / cm³; thermal conductivity of 121 W / (mK) at 300 ° K; microhardness 49.1 GPa; modulus 450 GPa; p-type semiconductor