546 research outputs found
Updated results on prototype chalcogenide fibers for 10-um wavefront spatial filtering
The detection of terrestrial planets by Darwin/TPF missions will require
extremely high quality wavefronts. Single-mode fibers have proven to be
powerful beam cleaning components in the near-infrared, but are currently not
available in the mid-infrared where they would be critically needed for
Darwin/TPF. In this paper, we present updated measurements on the prototype
chalcogenide fibers we are developing for the purpose of mid-infrared spatial
filtering. We demonstrate the guiding property of our 3rd generation component
and we characterize its filtering performances on a 4 mm length: the far-field
radiation pattern matches a Gaussian profile at the level of 3% rms and 13%
pk-pk.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, to appear in the proceedings of the conference
"Toward Other Earths, Darwin/TPF and the search for extrasolar terrestrial
planets", held in Heidelberg, Germany, 22-25 April 2003, ESA SP-53
Open and Closed Universes, Initial Singularities and Inflation
The existence of initial singularities in expanding universes is proved
without assuming the timelike convergence condition. The assumptions made in
the proof are ones likely to hold both in open universes and in many closed
ones. (It is further argued that at least some of the expanding closed
universes that do not obey a key assumption of the theorem will have initial
singularities on other grounds.) The result is significant for two reasons:
(a)~previous closed-universe singularity theorems have assumed the timelike
convergence condition, and (b)~the timelike convergence condition is known to
be violated in inflationary spacetimes. An immediate consequence of this
theorem is that a recent result on initial singularities in open,
future-eternal, inflating spacetimes may now be extended to include many closed
universes. Also, as a fringe benefit, the time-reverse of the theorem may be
applied to gravitational collapse.Comment: 27 pages, Plain TeX (figures are embedded in the file itself and they
will emerge if it is processed according to the instructions at the top of
the file
Tolman wormholes violate the strong energy condition
For an arbitrary Tolman wormhole, unconstrained by symmetry, we shall define
the bounce in terms of a three-dimensional edgeless achronal spacelike
hypersurface of minimal volume. (Zero trace for the extrinsic curvature plus a
"flare-out" condition.) This enables us to severely constrain the geometry of
spacetime at and near the bounce and to derive general theorems regarding
violations of the energy conditions--theorems that do not involve geodesic
averaging but nevertheless apply to situations much more general than the
highly symmetric FRW-based subclass of Tolman wormholes. [For example: even
under the mildest of hypotheses, the strong energy condition (SEC) must be
violated.] Alternatively, one can dispense with the minimal volume condition
and define a generic bounce entirely in terms of the motion of test particles
(future-pointing timelike geodesics), by looking at the expansion of their
timelike geodesic congruences. One re-confirms that the SEC must be violated at
or near the bounce. In contrast, it is easy to arrange for all the other
standard energy conditions to be satisfied.Comment: 8 pages, ReV-TeX 3.
Averaged Energy Conditions and Quantum Inequalities
Connections are uncovered between the averaged weak (AWEC) and averaged null
(ANEC) energy conditions, and quantum inequality restrictions on negative
energy for free massless scalar fields. In a two-dimensional compactified
Minkowski universe, we derive a covariant quantum inequality-type bound on the
difference of the expectation values of the energy density in an arbitrary
quantum state and in the Casimir vacuum state. From this bound, it is shown
that the difference of expectation values also obeys AWEC and ANEC-type
integral conditions. In contrast, it is well-known that the stress tensor in
the Casimir vacuum state alone satisfies neither quantum inequalities nor
averaged energy conditions. Such difference inequalities represent limits on
the degree of energy condition violation that is allowed over and above any
violation due to negative energy densities in a background vacuum state. In our
simple two-dimensional model, they provide physically interesting examples of
new constraints on negative energy which hold even when the usual AWEC, ANEC,
and quantum inequality restrictions fail. In the limit when the size of the
space is allowed to go to infinity, we derive quantum inequalities for timelike
and null geodesics which, in appropriate limits, reduce to AWEC and ANEC in
ordinary two-dimensional Minkowski spacetime. We also derive a quantum
inequality bound on the energy density seen by an inertial observer in
four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime. The bound implies that any inertial
observer in flat spacetime cannot see an arbitrarily large negative energy
density which lasts for an arbitrarily long period of time.Comment: 20pp, plain LATEX, TUTP-94-1
Quantum Interference Effects in Slowly Rotating NUT Space-time
General relativistic quantum interference effects in the slowly rotating NUT
space-time as the Sagnac effect and the phase shift effect of interfering
particle in neutron interferometer are considered. It was found that in the
case of the Sagnac effect the influence of NUT parameter is becoming important
due to the fact that the angular velocity of the locally non rotating observer
must be larger than one in the Kerr space-time. In the case of neutron
interferometry it is found that due to the presence of NUT-parameter an
additional term in the phase shift of interfering particle emerges. This term
can be, in principle, detected by sensitive interferometer and derived results
can be further used in experiments to detect the gravitomagnetic charge.
Finally, as an example, we apply the obtained results to the calculation of the
UCN (ultra-cold neutrons) energy level modification in the slowly rotating NUT
space-time.Comment: 11 pages, 1 figure, accepted for publication in Int. J. Mod. Phys. D;
added reference
Methods of approaching decoherence in the flavour sector due to space-time foam
In the first part of this work we discuss possible effects of stochastic
space-time foam configurations of quantum gravity on the propagation of
``flavoured'' (Klein-Gordon and Dirac) neutral particles, such as neutral
mesons and neutrinos. The formalism is not the usually assumed Lindblad one,
but it is based on random averages of quantum fluctuations of space time
metrics over which the propagation of the matter particles is considered. We
arrive at expressions for the respective oscillation probabilities between
flavours which are quite distinct from the ones pertaining to Lindblad-type
decoherence, including in addition to the (expected) Gaussian decay with time,
a modification to oscillation behaviour, as well as a power-law cutoff of the
time-profile of the respective probability. In the second part we consider
space-time foam configurations of quantum-fluctuating charged black holes as a
way of generating (parts of) neutrino mass differences, mimicking appropriately
the celebrated MSW effects of neutrinos in stochastically fluctuating random
media. We pay particular attention to disentangling genuine quantum-gravity
effects from ordinary effects due to the propagation of a neutrino through
ordinary matter. Our results are of interest to precision tests of quantum
gravity models using neutrinos as probes.Comment: 35 pages revtex, no figures, typos corrected in section II
as parameter of Minkowski metric in effective theory
With the proper choice of the dimensionality of the metric components, the
action for all fields becomes dimensionless. Such quantities as the vacuum
speed of light c, the Planck constant \hbar, the electric charge e, the
particle mass m, the Newton constant G never enter equations written in the
covariant form, i.e., via the metric g^{\mu\nu}. The speed of light c and the
Planck constant are parameters of a particular two-parametric family of
solutions of general relativity equations describing the flat isotropic
Minkowski vacuum in effective theory emerging at low energy:
g^{\mu\nu}=diag(-\hbar^2, (\hbar c)^2, (\hbar c)^2, (\hbar c)^2). They
parametrize the equilibrium quantum vacuum state. The physical quantities which
enter the covariant equations are dimensionless quantities and dimensionful
quantities of dimension of rest energy M or its power. Dimensionless quantities
include the running coupling `constants' \alpha_i; topological and geometric
quantum numbers (angular momentum quantum number j, weak charge, electric
charge q, hypercharge, baryonic and leptonic charges, number of atoms N, etc).
Dimensionful parameters include the rest energies of particles M_n (or/and mass
matrices); the gravitational coupling K with dimension of M^2; cosmological
constant with dimension M^4; etc. In effective theory, the interval s has the
dimension of 1/M; it characterizes the dynamics of particles in the quantum
vacuum rather than geometry of space-time. We discuss the effective action, and
the measured physical quantities resulting from the action, including
parameters which enter the Josepson effect, quantum Hall effect, etc.Comment: 18 pages, no figures, extended version of the paper accepted in JETP
Letter
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