Separation of the optical and mass features of particle components in different aerosol mixtures by using POLIPHON retrievals in synergy with continuous polarized Micro-Pulse Lidar (P-MPL) measurements

The application of the POLIPHON (POlarization-LIdar PHOtometer Networking) method is presented for the first time in synergy with continuous 24/7 polarized Micro-Pulse Lidar (P-MPL) measurements to derive the vertical separation of two or three particle components in different aerosol mixtures, and the retrieval of their particular optical properties. The procedure of extinction-to-mass conversion, together with an analysis of the mass extinction efficiency (MEE) parameter, is described, and the relative mass contribution of each aerosol component is also derived in a further step. The general POLIPHON algorithm is based on the specific particle linear depolarization ratio given for different types of aerosols and can be run in either 1-step (POL-1) or 2 steps (POL-2) versions with dependence on either the 2- or 3-component separation. In order to illustrate this procedure, aerosol mixing cases observed over Barcelona (NE Spain) are selected: a dust event on 5 July 2016, smoke plumes detected on 23 May 2016 and a pollination episode observed on 23 March 2016. In particular, the 3-component separation is just applied for the dust case: a combined POL-1 with POL-2 procedure (POL-1/2) is used, and additionally the fine-dust contribution to the total fine mode (fine dust plus non-dust aerosols) is estimated. The high dust impact before 12:00UTC yields a mean mass loading of 0.6±0.1gm-2 due to the prevalence of Saharan coarse-dust particles. After that time, the mean mass loading is reduced by two-thirds, showing a rather weak dust incidence. In the smoke case, the arrival of fine biomass-burning particles is detected at altitudes as high as 7km. The smoke particles, probably mixed with less depolarizing non-smoke aerosols, are observed in air masses, having their origin from either North American fires or the Arctic area, as reported by HYSPLIT back-trajectory analysis. The particle linear depolarization ratio for smoke shows values in the 0.10–0.15 range and even higher at given times, and the daily mean smoke mass loading is 0.017±0.008gm-2, around 3% of that found for the dust event. Pollen particles are detected up to 1.5km in height from 10:00UTC during an intense pollination event with a particle linear depolarization ratio ranging between 0.10 and 0.15. The maximal mass loading of Platanus pollen particles is 0.011±0.003gm-2, representing around 2% of the dust loading during the higher dust incidence. Regarding the MEE derived for each aerosol component, their values are in agreement with others referenced in the literature for the specific aerosol types examined in this work: 0.5±0.1 and 1.7±0.2m2g-1 are found for coarse and fine dust particles, 4.5±1.4m2g-1 is derived for smoke and 2.4±0.5m2g-1 for non-smoke aerosols with Arctic origin, and a MEE of 2.4±0.8m2g-1 is obtained for pollen particles, though it can reach higher or lower values depending on predominantly smaller or larger pollen grain sizes. Results reveal the high potential of the P-MPL system, a simple polarization-sensitive elastic backscatter lidar working in a 24/7 operation mode, to retrieve the relative optical and mass contributions of each aerosol component throughout the day, reflecting the daily variability of their properties. In fact, this procedure can be simply implemented in other P-MPLs that also operate within the worldwide Micro-Pulse Lidar Network (MPLNET), thus extending the aerosol discrimination at a global scale. Moreover, the method has the advantage of also being relatively easily applicable to space-borne lidars with an equivalent configuration such as the ongoing Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) on board NASA CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) and the forthcoming Atmospheric Lidar (ATLID) on board the ESA EarthCARE mission.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Quantitative analysis of the Martian atmospheric dust cycle: Transported mass, surface dust lifting and sedimentation rates

The atmospheric dust cycle on Mars plays a dominant role in the planetary radiative balance, atmospheric photochemistry escape, and redistribution of materials on the surface. Although this planetary dust cycle has been extensively modelled and characterized with both orbital and in situ observations, to date little is known about the total mass of dust that is circulated, the actual dust lifting and settling rates, and the main dust sources and sinks. Using orbital global and seasonal measurements of atmospheric dust opacity, a data reduction methodology that can describe the annual dust redistribution cycle on a planetary scale with 95% accuracy is presented. The method was applied to the 9.3 μm infrared observations of the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) aboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) during two full Martian Years (MY) 25 and 26, and partly MY 24 and MY 27, disregarding the global dust storm that occurred in MY 25. By comparison with terrestrial observations, a mass-to-extinction conversion factor of 1.9 ± 0.3 g m -2 is proposed, assuming a dust density of 2.6 g cm -3. The analysis shows an estimation of 400 1012 g of dust transported globally in the atmosphere for a typical Mars year, which is comparable to the minimum total annual mass of dust transported on Earth. The methodology proposed here is based on remote sensing and cannot disentangle completely local surface lifting and sedimentation rates from dust advection. However, this analysis provides upper bounds which can be compared with in-situ observations. The analysis of the dust sedimentation cycle suggests that the annual cycle might produce a dust layer of about 50–100 μm on the surface of some particular zones, as Valle Marineris or Meridiani Planum. This estimation agrees with in-situ observations of rovers on Mars. The potential dust sources are mainly located from latitudes of 20ºS to 60ºS. Our results find the 70% of the sources previously identified by the existing planetary circulation models. This kind of large-scale analysis can be applied to other remote sensing observations to refine these calculations and study the annual and geographical variability of the dust-mass transport on Mars.Grant PID2019-104205GB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (CAMELIA project)Grant PID2022-140180OB-C21 funded by MCIN /AEI /10.13039/501100011033 / FEDER, UEINTA predoctoral contract progra

Conceptualizing the impact of dust-contaminated infrared radiances on data assimilation for numerical weather prediction

Numerical weather prediction systems depend on Hyperspectral Infrared Sounder (HIS) data, yet the impacts of dust-contaminated HIS radiances on weather forecasts has not been quantified. To determine the impact of dust aerosol on HIS radiance assimilation, we use a modified radiance assimilation system employing a one-dimensional variational assimilation system (1DVAR) developed under the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Numerical Weather Prediction–Satellite Application Facility (NWP-SAF) project, which uses the Radiative Transfer for TOVS (RTTOV). Dust aerosol impacts on analyzed temperature and moisture fields are quantified using synthetic HIS observations from rawinsonde, Micropulse Lidar Network (MPLNET), and Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). Specifically, a unit dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) contamination at 550 nm can introduce larger than 2.4 and 8.6 K peak biases in analyzed temperature and dewpoint, respectively, over our test domain. We hypothesize that aerosol observations, or even possibly forecasts from aerosol predication models, may be used operationally to mitigate dust induced temperature and moisture analysis biases through forward radiative transfer modeling.This study is supported by the NASA ROSES Science of Terra and Aqua program (T. Lee; 80HQTR18T0085). The MPLNET project is funded by the NASA Radiation Sciences Program and Earth Observing System. MPLNET observations at the Santa Cruz de Tenerife site are supported by the INTA Grant IGE03004

Synergetic monitoring of Saharan dust plumes and potential impact on surface: a case study of dust transport from Canary Islands to Iberian Peninsula

The synergetic use of meteorological information, remote sensing both ground-based active (lidar) and passive (sun-photometry) techniques together with backtrajectory analysis and in-situ measurements is devoted to the characterization of dust intrusions. A case study of air masses advected from the Saharan region to the Canary Islands and the Iberian Peninsula, located relatively close and far away from the dust sources, respectively, was considered for this purpose. The observations were performed over three Spanish geographically strategic stations within the dust-influenced area along a common dust plume pathway monitored from 11 to 19 of March 2008. A 4-day long dust event (13–16 March) over the Santa Cruz de Tenerife Observatory (SCO), and a linked short 1-day dust episode (14 March) in the Southern Iberian Peninsula over the Atmospheric Sounding Station "El Arenosillo" (ARN) and the Granada station (GRA) were detected. Meteorological conditions favoured the dust plume transport over the area under study. Backtrajectory analysis clearly revealed the Saharan region as the source of the dust intrusion. Under the Saharan air masses influence, AERONET Aerosol Optical Depth at 500 nm (AOD<sup>500</sup>) ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 and Ångström Exponent at 440/675 nm wavelength pair (AE<sup>440/675</sup>) was lower than 0.5, indicating a high loading and predominance of coarse particles during those dusty events. Lidar observations characterized their vertical layering structure, identifying different aerosol contributions depending on altitude. In particular, the 3-km height dust layer transported from the Saharan region and observed over SCO site was later on detected at ARN and GRA stations. No significant differences were found in the lidar (extinction-to-backscatter) ratio (LR) estimation for that dust plume over all stations when a suitable aerosol scenario for lidar data retrieval is selected. Lidar-retrieved LR values of 60–70 sr were obtained during the main dust episodes. These similar LR values found in all the stations suggest that dust properties were kept nearly unchanged in the course of its medium-range transport. In addition, the potential impact on surface of that Saharan dust intrusion over the Iberian Peninsula was evaluated by means of ground-level in-situ measurements for particle deposition assessment together with backtrajectory analysis. However, no connection between those dust plumes and the particle sedimentation registered at ground level is found. Differences on particle deposition processes observed in both Southern Iberian Peninsula sites are due to the particular dust transport pattern occurred over each station. Discrepancies between columnar-integrated and ground-level in-situ measurements show a clear dependence on height of the dust particle size distribution. Then, further vertical size-resolved observations are needed for evaluation of the impact on surface of the Saharan dust arrival to the Iberian Peninsula

Ground/space, passive/active remote sensing observations coupled with particle dispersion modelling to understand the inter-continental transport of wildfire smoke plumes

During the 2017 record-breaking burning season in Canada/United States, intense wild fires raged during the first week of September in the Pacific northwestern region (British Columbia, Alberta, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana and northern California) burning mostly temperate coniferous forests. The heavy loads of smoke particles emitted in the atmosphere reached the Iberian Peninsula (IP) a few days later on 7 and 8 September. Satellite imagery allows to identify two main smoke clouds emitted during two different periods that were injected and transported in the atmosphere at several altitude levels. Columnar properties on 7 and 8 September at two Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) mid-altitude, background sites in northern and southern Spain are: aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 440 nm up to 0.62, Ångström exponent of 1.6–1.7, large dominance of small particles (fine mode fraction >0.88), low absorption AOD at 440 nm (0.98). Profiles from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) show the presence of smoke particles in the stratosphere during the transport, whereas the smoke is only observed in the troposphere at its arrival over the IP. Portuguese and Spanish ground lidar stations from the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network/Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace gases Research InfraStructure Network (EARLINET/ACTRIS) and the Micro-Pulse Lidar NETwork (MPLNET) reveal smoke plumes with different properties: particle depolarization ratio and color ratio, respectively, of 0.05 and 2.5 in the mid troposphere (5–9 km) and of 0.10 and 3.0 in the upper troposphere (10–13 km). In the mid troposphere the particle depolarization ratio does not seem time-dependent during the transport whereas the color ratio seems to increase (larger particles sediment first). To analyze the horizontal and vertical transport of the smoke from its origin to the IP, particle dispersion modelling is performed with the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT) parameterized with satellite-derived biomass burning emission estimates from the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). Three compounds are simulated: carbon monoxide, black carbon and organic carbon. The results show that the first smoke plume which travels slowly reaches rapidly (~1 day) the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) but also shows evidence of large scale horizontal dispersion, while the second plume, entrained by strong subtropical jets, reaches the upper troposphere much slower (~2.5 days). Observations and dispersion modelling all together suggest that particle depolarization properties are enhanced during their vertical transport from the mid to the upper troposphere.Spanish groups acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (MINECO) (ref. CGL2013-45410-R, CGL2014-52877-R, CGL2014-55230-R, TEC2015-63832-P, CGL2015-73250-JIN, CGL2016-81092-R and CGL2017-85344-R)European Union through H2020 programme ACTRIS-2, grant 654109European Union through H2020 programme EUNADICS-AV, grant 723986European Union through H2020 programme GRASP-ACE, grant 77834

Retrieval of optical and microphysical properties of transported Saharan dust over Athens and Granada based on multi-wavelength Raman lidar measurements: Study of the mixing processes

In this paper we extract the aerosol microphysical properties for a collection of mineral dust cases measured by multi-wavelength depolarization Raman lidar systems located at the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA, Athens, Greece) and the Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA, Granada, Spain). The lidar-based retrievals were carried out with the Spheroidal Inversion eXperiments software tool (SphInX) developed at the University of Potsdam (Germany). The software uses regularized inversion of a two-dimensional enhancement of the Mie model based on the spheroid-particle approximation with the aspect ratio determining the particle shape. The selection of the cases was based on the transport time from the source regions to the measuring sites. The aerosol optical depth as measured by AERONET ranged from 0.27 to 0.54 (at 500 nm) depending on the intensity of each event. Our analysis showed the hourly mean particle linear depolarization ratio and particle lidar ratio values at 532 nm ranging from 11 to 34% and from 42 to 79 sr respectively, depending on the mixing status, the corresponding air mass pathways and their transport time. Cases with shorter transport time showed good agreement in terms of the optical and SphInX-retrieved microphysical properties between Athens and Granada providing a complex refractive index value equal to 1.4 + 0.004i. On the other hand, the results for cases with higher transport time deviated from the aforementioned ones as well as from each other, providing, in particular, an imaginary part of the refractive index ranging from 0.002 to 0.005. Reconstructions of two-dimensional shape-size distributions for each selected layer showed that the dominant effective particle shape was prolate with diverse spherical contributions. The retrieved volume concentrations reflect overall the intensity of the episodes.Spanish Ministry of Sciences, Innovation and Universities through project CGL2016-81092,Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports through grant FPU14/0368

Estimation of the atmospheric boundary layer height during different atmospheric conditions: a comparison on reliability of several methods applied to lidar measurements

The performance of six numerical methods usually used to determine the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height from lidar measurements was investigated under different atmospheric conditions: results were compared with those obtained from radiosoundings to analyse their reliability for ABL-height retrievals. The selected methods were the gradient method (GM), the logarithm gradient method (LGM), the inflection point method (IPM), the wavelet covariance transform (WCT), the centroid/variance method (VM), and the cluster analysis (CA). Lidar measurements were carried out in the frame of the ‘Atmospheric Minor Species relevant to the Ozone Chemistry’ (AMISOC) project during a multi-instrument campaign conducted at the INTA/Atmospheric Observatory ‘El Arenosillo’ (INTA/ARN) in south-western Spain from 15 May to 20 June 2012. The goal of this work is to analyse the performance and robustness of the different lidar methods in this region, characterized by particular atmospheric conditions. In particular, both events of sea–land breeze regimes and episodes of Saharan dust intrusions were studied. In most days, similar results were obtained by all lidar methods in the events of sea–land breeze regimes, presenting relative absolute differences between lidar and radiosounding retrievals below 12% in average. However, big discrepancies between lidar and radiosounding retrievals are found when residual layers are present in the measurements. In such cases, the vertical extension of lidar and radiosounding profiles must to be limited to the altitude of the residual layer bottom. In a second analysis, focused on diurnal variability in the ABL heights under non-dusty (ND) and dusty (DD) conditions, the methods were tested against intensive radiosoundings launched every 4 h over 2 days. Under ND conditions, the best results were achieved for the LGM, presenting a mean of the relative absolute differences respect to radiosounding measurements of 10%. The rest of methods also provided good results with relative differences below 20% in average. Under DD conditions, however, an increase of the relative differences is found with mean values of up 32%. In this case, best results are given by CA with a mean relative difference of 20%. Despite the limited data set used in this work, results show that unlike the ND conditions for which all lidar methods provide good results respect to radiosounding retrievals, under DD conditions the election of the lidar method is a key factor for ABL estimation. However, we remark the need of extending our analysis to longer periods of time to better characterize the differences observed in this work

Estimation of the atmospheric boundary layer height during different atmospheric conditions: a comparison on reliability of several methods applied to lidar measurements

The performance of six numerical methods usually used to determine the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height from lidar measurements was investigated under different atmospheric conditions: results were compared with those obtained from radiosoundings to analyse their reliability for ABL-height retrievals. The selected methods were the gradient method (GM), the logarithm gradient method (LGM), the inflection point method (IPM), the wavelet covariance transform (WCT), the centroid/variance method (VM), and the cluster analysis (CA). Lidar measurements were carried out in the frame of the ‘Atmospheric Minor Species relevant to the Ozone Chemistry’ (AMISOC) project during a multi-instrument campaign conducted at the INTA/Atmospheric Observatory ‘El Arenosillo’ (INTA/ARN) in south-western Spain from 15 May to 20 June 2012. The goal of this work is to analyse the performance and robustness of the different lidar methods in this region, characterized by particular atmospheric conditions. In particular, both events of sea–land breeze regimes and episodes of Saharan dust intrusions were studied. In most days, similar results were obtained by all lidar methods in the events of sea–land breeze regimes, presenting relative absolute differences between lidar and radiosounding retrievals below 12% in average. However, big discrepancies between lidar and radiosounding retrievals are found when residual layers are present in the measurements. In such cases, the vertical extension of lidar and radiosounding profiles must to be limited to the altitude of the residual layer bottom. In a second analysis, focused on diurnal variability in the ABL heights under non-dusty (ND) and dusty (DD) conditions, the methods were tested against intensive radiosoundings launched every 4 h over 2 days. Under ND conditions, the best results were achieved for the LGM, presenting a mean of the relative absolute differences respect to radiosounding measurements of 10%. The rest of methods also provided good results with relative differences below 20% in average. Under DD conditions, however, an increase of the relative differences is found with mean values of up 32%. In this case, best results are given by CA with a mean relative difference of 20%. Despite the limited data set used in this work, results show that unlike the ND conditions for which all lidar methods provide good results respect to radiosounding retrievals, under DD conditions the election of the lidar method is a key factor for ABL estimation. However, we remark the need of extending our analysis to longer periods of time to better characterize the differences observed in this work