Implication de l'activité lectinique des HSP70 dans la protection des protéines O-GlcNAc vis-à-vis de la dégradation protéasomale

La O-GlcNAc, une modification post-traductionnelle dynamique, semble intervenir dans la dégradation protéasomale. Le système ubiquitine-protéasome permet la dégradation régulée de protéines ubiquitinées. Les protéines de choc thermique Hsp70 jouent un rôle fondamental dans cette régulation. Elles empêchent l'agrégation des protéines lors d'un stress, tentent de les remettre en conformation et le cas échéant, induisent leur ubiquitination et leur dégradation. Nous avons mis en évidence l'activité lectinique des Hsp70 vis-à-vis des résidus de GlcNAc. Cette activité est modulable en fonction de nombreux stress et est particulièrement induite lors d'un stress thermique ou nutritionnel. Nous avons alors émis l'hypothèse d'une protection des protéines O-GIcNAc vis-àvis de la dégradation protéasomale par les Hsp70. Ceci nous a conduit à étudier la relation entre O-GlcNAc et ubiquitine. La mise en évidence de la glycosylation de E1, enzyme impliquée dans le processus d'ubiquitination, suggère que cette enzyme pourrait être le dénominateur commun entre les deux modifications. L'identification de deux acides aminés potentiellement impliqués dans le site lectinique par des expériences de "docking" ont permis l'élaboration d'un mutant dont les capacités de fixation de la GlcNAc sont partiellement abolies. En conclusion, l'ensemble de ces résultats suggère que la O-GIcNAc puisse être un signal de sauvegarde des protéines en cas de stress, via l'interaction lectinique des hsp70, permettant ainsi leur remise en conformation. Ce système pourrait constituer l'homologue cytosolique du cycle gluco/dégluco du réticulum endoplasmique.LILLE1-BU (590092102) / SudocSudocFranceF

The Nutrient-Dependent O-GlcNAc Modification Controls the Expression of Liver Fatty Acid Synthase

International audienceLiver Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) is pivotal for de novo lipogenesis. Loss of control of this metabolic pathway contributes to the development of liver pathologies ranging from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which can lead to cirrhosis and, less frequently, to hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, deciphering the molecular mechanisms governing the expression and function of key enzymes such as FAS is crucial. Herein, we link the availability of this lipogenic enzyme to the nutrient-dependent post-translational modification O-GlcNAc that is thought to be deregulated in metabolic diseases (diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome). We demonstrate that expression and activity of liver FAS correlate with O-GlcNAcylation contents in ob/ob mice and in mice fed with a high-carbohydrate diet both in a transcription-dependent and -independent manner. More importantly, inhibiting the removal of O-GlcNAc residues in mice intraperitoneally injected with the selective and potent O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitor Thiamet-G increases FAS expression. FAS and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) physically interact, and FAS is O-GlcNAc modified. Treatment of a liver cell line with drugs or nutrients that elevate the O-GlcNAcylation interferes with FAS expression. Inhibition of OGA increases the interaction between FAS and the deubiquitinase Ubiquitin-specific protease-2a (USP2A) in vivo and ex vivo, providing mechanistic insights into the control of FAS expression through O-GlcNAcylation. Together, these results reveal a new type of regulation of FAS, linked to O-GlcNAcylation status, and advance our knowledge on deregulation of lipogenesis in diverse forms of liver diseases

Depot- and sex-specific effects of maternal obesity in offspring's adipose tissue

International audienceAccording to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept, alterations of nutrient supply in the fetus or neonate result in long-term programming of individual body weight set-point. In particular, maternal obesity, excessive nutrition and accelerated growth in neonates have been shown to sensitize offspring to obesity. The white adipose tissue may represent a prime target of metabolic programming induced by maternal obesity. In order to unravel the underlying mechanisms, we have developed a rat model of maternal obesity using a high-fat (HF) diet (containing 60% lipids) before and during gestation and lactation. At birth, newborns from obese dams (called HF) were normotrophs. However, HF neonates exhibited a rapid weight gain during lactation, a key period of adipose tissue development in rodents. In males, increased body weight at weaning (+ 30%) persists until 3 months of age. Nine-month-old HF male offspring were normoglycemic but showed mild glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia and hypercorticosteronemia. Despite no difference in body weight and energy intake, HF adult male offspring were predisposed to fat accumulation showing increased visceral (gonadal and perirenal) depots weights and hyperleptinemia. However, only perirenal adipose tissue depot exhibited marked adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia with elevated lipogenic (i.e., SREBP1, FAS, leptin) and diminished adipogenic (i.e., PPARγ, 11β-HSD1) mRNA levels. By contrast, very few metabolic variations were observed in HF female offspring. Thus, maternal obesity and accelerated growth during lactation program offspring for higher adiposity via transcriptional alterations of visceral adipose tissue in a depot- and sex-specific manner

Reduced PPARγ2 expression in adipose tissue of male rat offspring from obese dams is associated with epigenetic modifications

Notice à reprendre en Chantier Qualité avec la version finale de l'EditeurInternational audienceAccording to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept, maternal obesity and accelerated growth in neonates program obesity later in life. White adipose tissue (WAT) has been the focus of developmental programming events, although underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In rodents, WAT development primarily occurs during lactation. We previously reported that adult rat offspring from dams fed a high-fat (HF) diet exhibited fat accumulation and decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor g (PPARg) mRNA levels in WAT. We hypothesized that PPARg down-regulation occurs via epigenetic malprogramming which takes place during adipogenesis. We therefore examined epigenetic modifications in the PPARg1 and PPARg2 promoters in perirenal (pWAT) and inguinal fat pads of HF offspring at weaning (postnatal d 21) and in adulthood. Postnatal d 21 is a period characterized by active epigenomic remodeling in the PPARg2 promoter (DNA hyper-methylation and depletion in active histone modification H3ac and H3K4me3) in pWAT, consistent with increased DNA methyltransferase and DNA methylation activities. Adult HF offspring exhibited sustained hypermethylation and histone modification H3ac of the PPARg2 promoter in both deposits, correlated with persistent decreased PPARg2 mRNA levels. Consistent with the DOHaD hypothesis, retained epigenetic marks provide a mechanistic basis for the cellular memory linking maternal obesity to a predisposition for later adiposity.

Maternal obesity programs increased leptin gene expression in rat male offspring via epigenetic modifications in a depot-specific manner

According to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept, maternal obesity and accelerated growth in neonates predispose offspring to white adipose tissue (WAT) accumulation. In rodents, adipogenesis mainly develops during lactation. The mechanisms underlying the phenomenon known as developmental programming remain elusive. We previously reported that adult rat offspring from high-fat diet-fed dams (called HF) exhibited hypertrophic adipocyte, hyperleptinemia and increased leptin mRNA levels in a depot-specific manner. We hypothesized that leptin upregulation occurs via epigenetic malprogramming, which takes place early during development of WAT. As a first step, we identified in silico two potential enhancers located upstream and downstream of the leptin transcription start site that exhibit strong dynamic epigenomic remodeling during adipocyte differentiation. We then focused on epigenetic modifications (methylation, hydroxymethylation, and histone modifications) of the promoter and the two potential enhancers regulating leptin gene expression in perirenal (pWAT) and inguinal (iWAT) fat pads of HF offspring during lactation (postnatal days 12 (PND12) and 21 (PND21)) and in adulthood. PND12 is an active period for epigenomic remodeling in both deposits especially in the upstream enhancer, consistent with leptin gene induction during adipogenesis. Unlike iWAT, some of these epigenetic marks were still observable in pWAT of weaned HF offspring. Retained marks were only visible in pWAT of 9-month-old HF rats that showed a persistent "expandable" phenotype. Consistent with the DOHaD hypothesis, persistent epigenetic remodeling occurs at regulatory regions especially within intergenic sequences, linked to higher leptin gene expression in adult HF offspring in a depot-specific manner

Maternal high-fat diet during suckling programs visceral adiposity and epigenetic regulation of adipose tissue stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 in offspring

International audienceOBJECTIVE: The lactation-suckling period is critical for white adipose tissue (WAT) development. Early postnatal nutrition influences later obesity risk but underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we tested whether altered postnatal nutrition specifically during suckling impacts epigenetic regulation of key metabolic genes in WAT and alter long-term adiposity set point.METHODS:We analyzed the effects of maternal high-fat (HF) feeding in rats exclusively during lactation-suckling on breast milk composition and its impact on male offspring visceral epidydimal (eWAT) and subcutaneous inguinal (iWAT) depots during suckling and in adulthood.RESULTS:Maternal HF feeding during lactation had no effect on mothers' body weight (BW) or global breast milk composition, but induced qualitative changes in breast milk fatty acid (FA) composition (high n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated FA ratio and low medium-chain FA content). During suckling, HF neonates showed increased BW and mass of both eWAT and iWAT depot but only eWAT displayed an enhanced adipogenic transcriptional signature. In adulthood, HF offspring were predisposed to weight gain and showed increased hyperplastic growth only in eWAT. This specific eWAT expansion was associated with increased expression and activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), a key enzyme of FA metabolism. SCD1 converts saturated FAs, e.g. palmitate and stearate, to monounsaturated FAs, palmitoleate and oleate, which are the predominant substrates for triglyceride synthesis. Scd1 upregulation in eWAT was associated with reduced DNA methylation in Scd1 promoter surrounding a PPARγ-binding region. Conversely, changes in SCD1 levels and methylation were not observed in iWAT, coherent with a depot-specific programming.CONCLUSIONS: Our data reveal that maternal HF feeding during suckling programs long-term eWAT expansion in part by SCD1 epigenetic reprogramming. This programming events occurred with drastic changes in breast milk FA composition, suggesting that dietary FAs are key metabolic programming factors in the early postnatal period