Changes in plant metabolism and accumulation of fungal metabolites in response to Esca proper and apoplexy expression in the whole grapevine

Trunk diseases have become among the most important grapevine diseases worldwide. They are caused by fungal pathogens that attack the permanent woody structure of the vines and cause various symptoms in woody and annual organs. This study examined modifications of plant responses in green stem, cordon and trunk of grapevines expressing Esca proper (E) or apoplexy (A) event, which are the most frequent grapevine trunk disease symptoms observed in Europe. Transcript expression of a set of plant defense- and stress-related genes was monitored by quantitative RT-PCR while plant phytoalexins and fungal metabolites were quantified by HPLC-MS in order to characterize the interaction between the grapevine and trunk disease agents. Expression of genes encoding enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway and trans-resveratrol content were altered in the three organs of diseased plants, especially in the young tissues of A plants. PR proteins and the antioxidant system were severely modulated in A plants, which indicates a drastic stress effect. In the meantime, fungal polyketides 6-MSA, (R)-mellein and (3R,4R)-4-hydroxymellein, were accumulated in A plants that suggests their potential effect on plant metabolism during the appearance of foliar symptoms

Impacts des conditions de culture sur la composition lipidique membranaire de micro-organismes (étude des acides gras de phospholipides et hopanoi͏̈des)

A stressed organism produces active secondary metabolites that are not produced in "optimal" culture conditions. That happens from phenotypic variations, without genetic modification. In order to measure the impact of environmental modifications on the bacterial metabolism of Frateuria aurantia, we developed a "measure of stress", based on analyse of the modifications of its membrane lipid composition. The study, which initially dealing with the influence of a reduce number of stress (temperature, growth phase, medium composition and pH), has been extended by means of an experimental plan with 13 environmental factors including magnetic field. The influence of interactions between different stress factors revealed to be of great importance and must be studied more thoroughly.Un organisme stressé produit des métabolites secondaires actifs qu'il ne produit pas dans des conditions de culture "optimales". Cela se produit sans modification du génome, à partir de variations phénotypiques. Afin de mesurer l'impact de modifications environnementales sur le métabolisme de la bactérie Frateuria aurantia, nous avons mis au point une "mesure de stress" basée sur l'analyse des modifications de sa composition lipidique membranaire. L'étude ayant porté initialement sur l'influence d'un nombre réduit de stress (température, phase de croissance, composition du milieu, pH) a été étendue par le biais d'un plan d'expériences factoriel à 13 facteurs environnementaux incluant le champ magnétique. L'influence d'interactions existantes entre les différents facteurs de stress s'est avérée être de la plus haute importance et doit être étudié plus intensément

Impacts des conditions de culture sur la composition lipidique membranaire de micro-organismes (étude des acides gras de phospholipides et hopanoïdes)

Un organisme stressé produit des métabolites secondaires actifs qu'il ne produit pas dans des conditions de culture "optimales". Cela se produit sans modification du génome, à partir de variations phénotypiques. Afin de mesurer l'impact de modifications environnementales sur le métabolisme de la bactérie Frateuria aurantia, nous avons mis au point une "mesure de stress" basée sur l'analyse des modifications de sa composition lipidique membranaire. L'étude ayant porté initialement sur l'influence d'un nombre réduit de stress (température, phase de croissance, composition du milieu, pH) a été étendue par le biais d'un plan d'expériences factoriel à 13 facteurs environnementaux incluant le champ magnétique. L'influence d'interactions existantes entre les différents facteurs de stress s'est avérée être de la plus haute importance et doit être étudié plus intensémentA stressed organism produces active secondary metabolites that are not produced in "optimal" culture conditions. That happens from phenotypic variations, without genetic modification. In order to measure the impact of environmental modifications on the bacterial metabolism of Frateuria aurantia, we developed a "measure of stress", based on analyse of the modifications of its membrane lipid composition. The study, which initially dealing with the influence of a reduce number of stress (temperature, growth phase, medium composition and pH), has been extended by means of an experimental plan with 13 environmental factors including magnetic field. The influence of interactions between different stress factors revealed to be of great importance and must be studied more thoroughly.MULHOUSE-SCD Sciences (682242102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Influence of the temperature and the growth phase on the hopanoids and fatty acids content of Frateuria aurantia (DSMZ 6220)

International audienc

Sustainable Dyeing of Cotton Fibers Using Aqueous Extract of Citrullus Colocynthis Leaves: Chemical Characterization, and Dyeing Optimization Process Using Response Surface Methodology

Owing to their advantageous characteristics, natural dyes are highly needed to replace hazardous synthetic colored molecules. In this work, an aqueous extract of Citrullus colocynthis leaves was prepared, analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and further used to dye cotton fibers. FT-IR results suggested that the studied Citrullus colocynthis leaf is possibly rich in phenolic and flavonoid constituents. The dyeing experiments were carried out at various experimental conditions: dyeing duration (30–60 min), temperature (60–100°C), and pH (5–9). Response surface methodology (RSM), with the help of Minitab 17.1.0, was used to optimize the dyeing process. The optimum obtained dyeing conditions were time = 30 min, temperature = 91°C, and pH = 7. The cationization of cotton fabric with polyethyleneimine and a co-polymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and diallylamin, and the pre-biomordanting with pomegranate peel and date palm pits significantly improved the color strength (K/S) results. Overall, the dyed cotton samples exhibited good fastness characteristics

First step towards understanding the behavior of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic compounds (O-PACs) in soils and groundwater

National audienceObjectives: the aim of this study is to assess O-PAC migration in groundwater in order to know if they could form large contamination plumes in groundwater and therefore trigger a risk for sensitive targets such as drinking water wells. Innovative nature of the proposed topic: O-PAC migration in groundwater and parameters controlling their behavior in soils have never been assessed whereas it is well established in literature that these compounds are toxic, persistent and always present in soils of PAH contaminated sites. Abstract Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (O-PACs) are toxic, persistent, highly leachable and often abundant at PAH contaminated sites. Furthermore, many studies have proven that O-PACs could be formed during and after the application of some remediation techniques on PAH contaminated sites1,2. However, in contrast to the 16 US EPA PAHs classified as priority pollutants and due to the lack of regulations and data regarding their behavior in soils, O-PACs are not included in health risk assessment studies and monitoring programs of PAH contaminated sites. However, these aromatic compounds could as well have an impact and contribute to the risk for human beings and the Environment. This study constitutes an important step in the process of understanding the transfer of these compounds within the soil system and in determining the related parameters that could affect their behavior. Two PAH/O-PAC couples were chosen for this study: fluorene/fluorenone (FLU/FLUone) and acenaphthene/dibenzofuran (ACE/DBFUR). These compounds were primarily selected regarding their available data, the possibility of their laboratory manipulation as well as the similarity in their molecular structures. Sorption isotherms onto a non-contaminated soil were individually determined using controlled batch experiments for all four compounds. Effects of ionic strength and liquid to solid ratio (L/S) on the sorption of FLU and FLUone were furthermore investigated through controlled batch experiments. For both O-PACs and PAHs, experimental data showed that the sorption kinetics were designated by the occurrence of two distinct phases. A fast-initial phase followed by a second much slower sorption process. Sorption equilibrium was achieved within less than 24 hours of mixing while no degradation of the studied compounds was observed. For all studied compounds and in all experimental conditions, linear sorption models best fit the isotherm data. Results revealed that ACE and DBFUR were similarly adsorbed onto the soil where the values of organic carbon-water partition coefficient (Koc) were 1184 and 1153 L/kg, respectively. In the same experimental conditions, Koc of FLU (1931 L/kg) was higher than that of FLUone (1355 L/kg), showing a smaller affinity of FLUone towards the solid phase. Furthermore, decreasing the L/S ratio from 100 L/kg to 50 and 30 L/kg, increased the sorption of FLUone onto the soil by 64 and 77% respectively, while the sorption of FLU was slightly increased by 13 and 31% respectively. Moreover, increasing the ionic strength of the aqueous phase by a factor of 6 favored 2 the sorption of FLUone by 62% while the sorption of FLU slightly decreased by 13%. These results provided meaningful first information regarding O-PAC behavior in soils: highly soluble O-PACs such as FLUone could easily migrate in groundwater, form larger contamination plumes than PAHs and reach drinking water wells. In addition, the difference in PAH and O-PAC behavior when decreasing the L/S ratio and increasing the ionic strength is a first hint that mechanisms responsible for O-PAC fate and transport in soils could be different than the ones responsible for PAH retention in soils. Further studies are in progress at different scales (lab and field scales) in order to better understand the migration potential of O-PACs

Sustainable Dyeing of Cotton Fibers Using Aqueous Extract of <i>Citrullus Colocynthis</i> Leaves: Chemical Characterization, and Dyeing Optimization Process Using Response Surface Methodology

Owing to their advantageous characteristics, natural dyes are highly needed to replace hazardous synthetic colored molecules. In this work, an aqueous extract of Citrullus colocynthis leaves was prepared, analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and further used to dye cotton fibers. FT-IR results suggested that the studied Citrullus colocynthis leaf is possibly rich in phenolic and flavonoid constituents. The dyeing experiments were carried out at various experimental conditions: dyeing duration (30–60 min), temperature (60–100°C), and pH (5–9). Response surface methodology (RSM), with the help of Minitab 17.1.0, was used to optimize the dyeing process. The optimum obtained dyeing conditions were time = 30 min, temperature = 91°C, and pH = 7. The cationization of cotton fabric with polyethyleneimine and a co-polymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and diallylamin, and the pre-biomordanting with pomegranate peel and date palm pits significantly improved the color strength (K/S) results. Overall, the dyed cotton samples exhibited good fastness characteristics.</p

The renal epidemiology and information network (REIN): a new registry for end-stage renal disease in France.

International audienceThe French Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (REIN) registry began in 2002 to provide a tool for public health decision support, evaluation and research related to renal replacement therapies (RRT) for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It relies on a network of nephrologists, epidemiologists, patients and public health representatives, coordinated regionally and nationally. Continuous registration covers all dialysis and transplanted patients. In 2003, 2070 patients started RRT, 7854 were on dialysis and 7294 lived with a functioning graft in seven regions (with a population of 16.5 million people). The overall crude annual incidence rate of RRT for ESRD was 123 per million population (p.m.p.) with significant differences in age-adjusted rates across regions, from 84 [95% confidence interval (CI): 74-94] to 155 [138-172] p.m.p. The principal causes of ESRD were hypertension (21%) and diabetic (20%) nephropathies. Initial treatment for ESRD was peritoneal dialysis for 15% of patients and a pre-emptive graft for 3%. The one-year survival rate was 81% [79-83] in the cohort of 2002-2003 incident patients. As of December 31, 2003, the overall crude prevalence was 898 [884-913] p.m.p, with 5% of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis, 47% on haemodialysis and 48% with a functioning graft. The experience in these seven regions over these two years clearly shows the feasibility of the REIN registry, which is progressively expanding to cover the entire country