Uso de hábitat por guácharos (Steatornis caripensis) en el sur de los Andes de Colombia, y su influencia en la efectividad de la dispersión de semillas

Los patrones de movimiento de los frugívoros suelen afectar a las plantas, mediante procesos de la dispersión de semillas. El estudio de estas relaciones y los patrones comportamentales de los frugívoros son relevantes para entender como la perturbación de hábitats puede generar efectos en cascada sobre las interacciones que ocurren en los ecosistemas. En este trabajo se utilizó información del uso de hábitat de una población de guácharos (Stearornis caripensis) en el sur de los Andes de Colombia, para analizar la influencia que pueden tener aspectos topográficos y del paisaje, como fragmentación, porcentaje de cobertura boscosa y altitud en el uso de hábitat por esta especie. Para esto se utilizó la frecuencia de uso de distintas coberturas, a partir de 3 aves que fueron rastreadas con dispositivos de GPS, y datos de 25 parcelas de vegetación de 0.1 ha, para caracterizar los lugares más frecuentados por los guacharos. También se utilizaron sistemas de información geográfica para analizar el grado de fragmentación y de cobertura arbórea de los lugares más visitados por estas aves. Adicionalmente, se evaluó la efectividad de la dispersión utilizando información de la cantidad de semillas dispersadas, la calidad de la dispersión en términos de porcentajes de germinación, una estimación del tipo de hábitat donde son depositadas las semillas y estimativos de supervivencia de semillas y plántulas (de la literatura). Se encontró que los guácharos utilizan más los bosques densos y las elevaciones intermedias, y que visitan zonas fragmentadas o de bosques continuos. Los lugares de uso frecuente tienen una alta proporción de individuos y de área basal de las plantas más consumidas por estas aves (mayormente especies de las familias Lauraceae y Arecaceae). También, encontramos que no existe una relación entre la eficiencia de la dispersión y la elevación propia de las plantas, pero sí que los guacharos son más eficientes dispersores de plantas fuera de la época reproductiva. Por último, los resultados hacen prever consecuencias negativas en conservación, que se pueden generar por el deterioro de las poblaciones de guácharos en las plantas (especialmente las de semillas grandes). Esto por el servicio único que ellos aportan al dispersar semillas a largas distancias y en distintos tipos de coberturas, incluyendo bosques densos y también lugares intervenidos y fragmentados.Amazon Conservation TeamLaboratorio de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de Los AndesThe movement patterns of frugivores usually influences plants through processes of seed dispersal. Studies of these relationships and the behavioral patterns of frugivores are important to understand how habitat disturbance can generate cascading effects on the interactions occurring in ecosystems. In this study, information on the habitat use of a population of oilbirds (Stearornis caripensis) in the southern Andes of Colombia was analyzed, to determine what structural and floristic factors influence habitat choice. Similarly, the influence of topographic and landscape aspects, such as fragmentation, forest cover and elevation were used to analyzed the use of habitat by this species. For this purpose, the frequency of use of different land covers by three oilbirds with GPS devices, and data from 25 vegetation plots (0.1 ha) was analyzed. In addition, GIS were used to evaluate the degree of fragmentation and forest cover in the most frequently sites used by oilbirds. Furthermore, seed dispersal effectiveness was assessed from the information on the quantity of seeds dispersed to the main cave in Cueva de Los Guacharos National Park, an estimate of the number of seeds reaching adequate habitats for establishment, germination rates of dispersed seed and estimates of seed and seedling survival (from a literature review). Oilbirds prefer to be in dense forests, avoid high altitudes and visit both continuous and fragmented forests. The most frequently used sites have a high proportion of plants known to be consumed by oilbirds (mostly species in the Lauraceae and some other in the Arecaceae and Burseraceae families). No relationship was found between seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE) and the mean elevation range of the plant species, but SDE was higher when the oilbirds were out of the nesting period. Finally, the results suggest that the degradation of oilbird populations may imply negative conservation implications on plants (especially large seeded species); because oilbird perform a unique ecological role at dispersing seeds to far places, including dense forests, as well as degraded and fragmented environments.Magíster en Conservación y Uso de la BiodiversidadMaestrí

DIET OF OILBIRDS (STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS) IN CUEVA DE LOS GUÁCHAROS NATIONAL PARK (COLOMBIA): TEMPORAL VARIATION IN FRUIT CONSUMPTION, DISPERSAL, AND SEED MORPHOLOGY

Abstract  ∙ Oilbirds (Steatornis caripensis) are specialized nocturnal frugivores that inhabit Neotropical forests and have the potential to play key ecological roles as seed dispersers. In this study, we focused on type and quantity of seeds dispersed by a population of Oilbirds in Cueva de Los Guácharos National Park (Colombia). We assessed temporal variation in diet composition, fruit nutrient composition and measured seed morphology. To do this, we used 5–10 seed traps in a cave from 2011 to 2016, conducting a 5‐day census 1–4 times each year. In 2015, we performed a census in all 12 months to document within year variation. We found seeds of 52 species (including 17 named species, 12 identified just to family, and 23 morphospecies). We found a clear dominance of Arecaceae and Lauraceae families. Intra‐annual variation in species richness reflects the fact that more biomass and higher seed numbers are deposited in the cave in periods of nesting (January–June), as well as during seasonal fruiting patterns in the region. Data on fruit contents from published literature indicated that oilbird diet includes a high representation of lipid‐rich fruits. Consumed seed size varied enormously (range: 0.01–5.99 g dry mass), the largest seeds being up to 29 mm wide and 54 mm long. Regurgitated seeds showed a negative allometric relationship between width and length. Overall, we found a diverse diet and that Oilbirds provide efficient seed dispersal in terms of seed quantity; however, many aspects of dispersal quality remain to be determined. Resumen ∙ Dieta de los Guácharos (Steatornis caripensis) en el parque nacional Cueva de Los Guácharos (Colombia): variación temporal en la cantidad de la dispersión y morfología de semillas Los guácharos (Steatornis caripensis) son aves nocturnas frugívoras especializadas que habitan bosques neotropicales y que tienen el potencial de desempeñar roles ecológicos claves como dispersoras de semillas. En este trabajo, estudiamos la dieta y la cantidad de semillas dispersadas por una población de guácharos en el Parque Nacional Natural Cueva de los Guácharos (Colombia). Para ello, evaluamos la variación temporal, comparamos la composición de lípidos y medimos la morfología de las semillas. De 2011 a 2016 dispusimos 5–10 trampas de semillas en la cueva principal del parque y llevamos a cabo censos de usualmente 5 días, 1–4 veces cada año. Adicionalmente, en 2015 hicimos censos mensuales durante todo el año. En la dieta de los guácharos encontramos semillas de 52 especies de plantas (incluyendo 17 especies, 12 taxones identificados hasta familia y 23 morfoespecies), en las cuales se reflejó una clara dominancia de las familias Arecaceae y Lauraceae. La variación intranual en la riqueza de especies de las semillas depositadas en la cueva mostró que en los periodos de anidación de los guácharos (enero a junio) se presentó el mayor número de semillas y la mayor biomasa, además una alta riqueza de especies en el primer semestre es coherente con los patrones de fructificación en la región. La dieta del guácharo incluyó una alta representación de frutos ricos en lípidos, lo cual fue inferido de la literatura publicada. Los tamaños de las semillas dispersadas variaron enormemente (peso seco entre 0.01 y 5.99 g), siendo las semillas más grandes de 29 mm de ancho y 54 mm de largo. Las semillas que fueron dispersadas mostraron una relación alométrica negativa entre el ancho y el largo. Aunque, nosotros reportamos que los guácharos tienen una dieta diversa y proveen una eficiente dispersión de semillas en términos de la cantidad, aún deben determinarse muchos aspectos de la calidad de la dispersión

Estrategias pedagógicas desde la historia local para incentivar la territorialidad en niños de 4 a 7 años, una experiencia de transformación desde la investigación acción participativa en el barrio 13 de mayo en Villavicencio

Generar estrategias pedagógicas desde la historia local para la formación de la territorialidad en niños de 4 a 7 años pertenecientes al barrio 13 de Mayo en Villavicencio determinando, las transformaciones del contexto y de los investigadores tras la aplicación de la Investigación Acción Participativa.Colombia un país lleno de historias difundidas, cada una de ellas nos hacen analizar la estructura política de la nación. Un país que llevaba décadas sumergido en lo que algunos historiadores han llamado conflicto armado interno, efectuando grandes consecuencias a nivel social, económico y política. En la siguiente investigación estará realizada con objetivos específicos que son, reconstruir la historia de vida de los investigadores determinando los aspectos trascendentales generando unos procesos de autorreflexión; reconstruir la historia del barrio 13 de mayo a partir de los relatos orales el análisis bibliográfico generando puntos de relación con las historias de vida de los investigadores; construir un instrumento de divulgación del ejercicio contribuyendo a los aspectos de la territorialidad de los niños. Lo cuales están abarcado por un gran objetivo general que es generar estrategias pedagógicas desde la historia local para la formación de la territorialidad en niños de 4 a 7 años pertenecientes al barrio 13 de mayo en Villavicencio determinando, las transformaciones del contexto y de los investigadores tras la aplicación de la Investigación Acción Participativa. Por lo que se realizará la investigación con enfoque cualitativo un paradigma socio-crítico.Colombia, a country full of disseminated stories, each one of them makes us analyze the political structure of the nation. A country that had been submerged for decades in what some historians have called internal armed conflict, making great social, economic and political consequences. In the following research it will be carried out with specific objectives that are, to reconstruct the life history of the researchers, determining the transcendental aspects generating self-reflection processes; reconstruct the history of the neighborhood May 13 from the oral accounts the bibliographical analysis generating points of relation with the life histories of the researchers; build an instrument to publicize the exercise contributing to aspects of the territoriality of children. Which is encompassed by a great general objective that is to generate pedagogical strategies from the local history for the formation of territoriality in children from 4 to 7 years old belonging to the 13 de Mayo neighborhood in Villavicencio, determining the transformations of the context and of the researchers after the application of the Participatory Action Research. Therefore, research with a qualitative approach will be carried out a socio critical paradig

Biomass accumulation and population dynamics of a flooded forest in the Magdalena Basin (Colombia)

Few studies in Colombia have quantified population dynamics on private conservation lands, making it difficult to know whether passive restoration (secondary succession) is a good option to increase forest biomass. We analyzed three permanent plots (0.3 ha) in the Reserva El Paujil (Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia), in secondary forests, after 8-9 y. We tested whether population changes and aboveground biomass accumulation should be higher in secondary flooded forests than in terra firme forests. We found that mortality rates (7.98/y ± 4.50 DE) were higher than recruitment rates (5.89/y ± 5.29 SD), generating a mean negative change (-2.09/y ± 4.36 SD). However, the growth of surviving individuals was high (0.028 ± 0.019 SD), causing a positive rate of biomass accumulation (3.33 ton/y/ha ± 5.15 SD). This rate was much higher than in terra firme forests in the area (0.10 ton/y/ha ± 1.90 SD), which was associated with soil fertility. The most dominant species with high biomass accumulation was Anacardium excelsum. In contrast, the highest increase in mortality was observed for pioneer species (i.e., Cecropia membranacea and C. peltata), Bauhinia picta, and Guadua angustifolia (which also showed the highest recruitment). Overall, establishing a biological reserve has allowed the growth of large trees, generating carbon stocks equivalent to those from active ecological restoration processes

Time Left for Intervention in the Suicidal Process in Borderline Personality Disorder

The objective of this study was to measure the duration of the suicidal process among patients diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). The sample included 110 female patients who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for BPD and were consecutively admitted after suicide-related behavior. A total of 63 patients (58%) reported that their suicidal process lasted 10 minutes or less. After being adjusted, the β coefficient of impulsivity scales in women with a suicidal process ≤10 minutes was lower compared to those observed in women with >10 min (β = −0.03, 95% CI = −0.06 = −0.01, p < 0.01). Suicidal patients with BPD can be divided into two groups; patients who report a suicidal process less than 10 minutes show a higher degree of impulsivity.Fil: Daray, Federico Manuel. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Teti, Germán Leandro. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital Neuropsiquiátrico "Braulio A. Moyano"; ArgentinaFil: Rojas, Sasha M.. University Of Arkansas - Fayetteville; Estados UnidosFil: Fantini, Adrian Pablo. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital Neuropsiquiátrico "Braulio A. Moyano"; ArgentinaFil: Cárdenas Delgado, Christian. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital Neuropsiquiátrico "Braulio A. Moyano"; ArgentinaFil: Armesto, Arnaldo Raúl. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Derito, María N. C.. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital Neuropsiquiátrico "Braulio A. Moyano"; ArgentinaFil: Rebok, Federico. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital Neuropsiquiátrico "Braulio A. Moyano"; Argentin

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (&gt;66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

The biogeography of the Amazonian tree flora

We describe the geographical variation in tree species composition across Amazonian forests and show how environmental conditions are associated with species turnover. Our analyses are based on 2023 forest inventory plots (1 ha) that provide abundance data for a total of 5188 tree species. Withinplot species composition reflected both local environmental conditions (especially soil nutrients and hydrology) and geographical regions. A broader-scale view of species turnover was obtained by interpolating the relative tree species abundances over Amazonia into 47,441 0.1-degree grid cells. Two main dimensions of spatial change in tree species composition were identified. The first was a gradient between western Amazonia at the Andean forelands (with young geology and relatively nutrient-rich soils) and central–eastern Amazonia associated with the Guiana and Brazilian Shields (with more ancient geology and poor soils). The second gradient was between the wet forests of the northwest and the drier forests in southern Amazonia. Isolines linking cells of similar composition crossed major Amazonian rivers, suggesting that tree species distributions are not limited by rivers. Even though some areas of relatively sharp species turnover were identified, mostly the tree species composition changed gradually over large extents, which does not support delimiting clear discrete biogeographic regions within Amazonia