Management of urban mobility to control climate change in cities in Spain

The need to decarbonize urban mobility is one of the main motivations for all countries to achieve reduction targets for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In general, the transport modes that have experienced the most growth in recent years tend to be the most polluting. Most efforts have focused on improvements in vehicle efficiency and on the renewal of vehicle fleets; more emphasis should be placed on strategies related to the management of urban mobility and modal share. Research of individual travel that analyzes carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and car and public transport share in daily mobility will enable better assessments of the potential of urban mobility measures introduced to limit GHG emissions produced by transport in cities. The climate change impacts of daily mobility in Spain are explored with data from two national travel surveys in 2000 and 2006, and a method for estimating the CO2 emissions associated with each journey and each surveyed individual is provided. The results demonstrate that from 2000 to 2006, daily mobility has increased and has led to a 17% increase in CO2 emissions. When these results are separated by transport mode, cars prove to be the main contributor to that increase, followed by public transport. More focus should be directed toward modal shift strategies, which take into account not only the number of journeys but also the distance traveled. These contributions have potential applications in the assessment of current and future urban transport policies related to low-carbon urban transportation

The impact of the economic crisis and policy actions on GHG emissions from road transport in Spain

Road traffic is the greatest contributor to the carbon footprint of the transport sector and reducing it has become one of the main targets of sustainable transport policies. An analysis of the main factors influencing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is essential for designing new energy- and environmentally efficient strategies for the road transport. This paper addresses this need by (i) identifying factors which influence the carbon footprint, including traffic activity, fuel economy and socioeconomic development; and (ii) proposing a methodological framework which uses Modified Laspeyres Index decomposition to analyze the effect of important drivers on the changes in emissions of road transport in Spain during the period from 1990 to 2010. The results demonstrate that the country׳s economic growth has been closely linked to the rise in GHG emissions. The innovative contribution of this paper is the special analysis of the changes in mobility patterns and GHG emissions during the economic crisis, when, for the first time, Spanish road traffic emissions decreased. The reduction of road transport and improved energy efficiency has been powerful contributors to this decrease, demonstrating the effectiveness of energy-saving measures. On the basis of this analysis, several tailored policy recommendations have been suggested for future implementation

Management of Urban Mobility to Control Climate Change in Cities

The need of decarbonization of urban mobility is one of the main priorities for all countries to achieve greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets. In general, the transport modes which have experienced the most growth in recent years tend to be the most polluting. Most efforts have been focused on the vehicle efficiency improvements and vehicle fleet renewal; nevertheless more emphasis should be placed on strategies related to the management of urban mobility and modal share. Research of individual travel which analyzes CO2 emissions and car and public transport share in daily mobility will enable better assessments of the potential of urban mobility measures introduced to limit GHG emissions produced by transport in cities. This paper explores the sustainability impacts of daily mobility in Spain using data from two National Travel Surveys (NTSs) (2000 and 2006) and includes a method by which to estimate the CO2 emissions associated with each journey and each surveyed individual. The results demonstrate that in the 2000 to 2006 period, there has been an increase in daily mobility which has led to a 17% increase in CO2 emissions. When separated by transport mode, cars prove to be the main contributor to that increase, followed by public transport. More focus should be directed toward modal shift strategies which not only take the number of journeys into account but also consider distance. The contributions of this paper have potential applications in the assessment of current and future urban transport policies

ESTUDIO DE LOS CUERPOS LÉNTICOS EN EL ESCENARIO DE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO, UNA MIRADA A COLOMBIA

RESUMEN La problemática climática que se presenta en la actualidad implica un desorden en el ciclo hidrológico, y con este, alteraciones en los cuerpos lénticos de agua. Se ha establecido que los humedales y lagos, presentan una alta vulnerabilidad a los cambios climáticos significando un riesgo para el equilibrio planetario y las comunidades que hacen uso de sus servicios ofertados. Además de la presión climática, estos ecosistemas se han visto fuertemente influenciado por las diferentes actividades antrópicas, las cuales carecen de una regulación y un sistema de gestión adecuado que garantice la sostenibilidad del recurso. De forma general, se ha observado la considerable reducción de cobertura de los humedales en el mundo y en la actualidad se hace evidente la necesidad de estudiar su respuesta frente a la producción de metano en relación al incremento de temperatura. Por su parte, los lagos de todo el mundo presentan una alteración en el comportamiento de su estratificación térmica, desembocando en una variación de la concentración de nutrientes y niveles de oxígeno disuelto, desarrollando una amenaza principalmente para la biota bentónica. A continuación, se presenta un estudio general de la situación actual de los cuerpos lénticos y su relación con el cambio climático, haciendo finalmente una breve reflexión del caso colombiano

Energy- and environmentally efficient road management: The case of the Spanish motorway network

Transport is responsible for 41% of CO2 emissions in Spain, and around 65% of that figure is due to road traffic. Tolled motorways are currently managed according to economic criteria: minimizing operational costs and maximizing revenues from tolls. Within this framework, this paper develops a new methodology for managing motorways based on a target of maximum energy efficiency. It includes technological and demand-driven policies, which are applied to two case studies. Various conclusions emerge from this study. One is, that the use of intelligent payment systems is recommended; and another, is that the most sustainable policy would involve defining the most efficient strategy for each motorway section, including the maximum use of its capacity, the toll level which attracts the most vehicles, and the optimum speed limit for each type of vehicle

Decarbonization of toll plazas: impact assessment of toll collection system management

Transport climate change impacts have become a worldwide concern. The use of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) could contribute to a more effective use of resources in toll road networks. Management of toll plazas is central to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as it is there that bottlenecks and congestion occur. This study focuses on management strategies aimed at reducing climate change impacts of toll plazas by managing toll collection systems. These strategies are based on the use of different collection system technologies – Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) and Open Road Tolling (ORT) – and on queue management. The carbon footprint of various toll plazas is determined by a proposed integrated methodology which estimates the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of the different operational stages at toll plazas (deceleration, service time, acceleration, and queuing) for the different toll collection systems. To validate the methodology, two main-line toll plazas of a Spanish toll highway were evaluated. The findings reveal that the application of new technologies to toll collection systems is an effective management strategy from an environmental point of view. The case studies revealed that ORT systems lead to savings of up to 70% of CO2 emissions at toll plazas, while ETC systems save 20% comparing to the manual ones. Furthermore, queue management can offer a 16% emissions savings when queue time is reduced by 116 seconds. The integrated methodology provides an efficient environmental management tool for toll plazas. The use of new technologies is the future of the decarbonization of toll plazas

Las reformas a la ley de Educación Sexual Integral a través de la mirada de Infobae

Trabajo Final para optar al grado académico de Licenciatura en Comunicación Social, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Orientación Gráfica calificación 9 (Nueve)Fil: Accinelli, Carina Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación; Argentina.Fil: Cáceres, Leonardo Javier. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación; Argentina.El presente estudio es un trabajo final para obtener el grado de Licenciatura en Comunicación Social en el cual nos encargaremos de hacer una aproximación al tratamiento periodístico que le dio uno de los medios más importantes del país a los debates sobre la reforma a la Ley de Educación Sexual Integral. Para ello hicimos un corpus con un corte temporal marcado por la primer nota que el medio publicó referente al dictamen para la reforma. Nos valdremos del análisis del discurso para describir los mecanismos periodísticos y discursivos del medio para construir los hechos noticiosos referentes a la reformaFil: Accinelli, Carina Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación; Argentina.Fil: Cáceres, Leonardo Javier. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias de la Comunicación; Argentina

ESPECIFICIDADES E DEMANDAS DO ENSINO DA LÍNGUA ESPANHOLA EM UM INSTITUTO FEDERAL: POLÍTICAS LINGUÍSTICO-EDUCATIVAS EM CURSOS TÉCNICOS DE NÍVEL MÉDIO

The strengthening of technical education in Brazil, by the creation of the Federal Institutes (Law 11.892/2008), brings a new and growing reality for Spanish teachers: the challenge of working in an educational context whose proposal is based on vertical integration. In this scenario, a teacher can teach at different levels of education (from Secondary Education to Postgraduate Education) at the same institution. The aim of this paper is to describe the context of teaching Spanish in secondary technical courses, in the integrated, concomitant and sequential modalities, at two campuses of a Federal Institute in the south of Brazil. Furthermore, reflections on some specifics of this educational level in Vocational and Technological Education (VTE) and on the demands generated by such specifics are presented. The methodological approach adopted in this study is qualitative descriptive, since the research consists in describing aspects of a social environment (the institution, the school) with which the researcher is clearly interwoven. Our analysis is based on theoretical frameworks that address Language Policies, especially the educational ones (KAPLAN; BALDAUF, 1997; MENKEN; GARCÍA, 2010). The study deals with the aspects that should be considered when making decisions regarding the course planning, methodological choices and consequent development of teaching materials, as well as provides guidelines on how to handle the unique context of VTE.El fortalecimiento de la enseñanza técnica en Brasil, con el establecimiento de los Institutos Federales (Ley 11.892\2008), trajo una nueva realidad para los profesores de lengua española: el reto de trabajar en un entorno educacional cuya propuesta se fundamenta en la verticalidad de la enseñanza. En esta realidad, un docente puede actuar en distintos niveles educativos (de la Enseñanza Secundaria al Posgrado) dentro de una única institución. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo resaltar las políticas linguístico-educativas adoptadas en el contexto de la enseñanza de la lengua española, en cursos técnicos de nivel intermediario, en las modalidades integrada, concomitante y subsecuentemente, de dos campus de un Instituto Federal del sur de Brasil, bien como presentar reflexiones, a respecto de algunas especificidades de este nivel de enseñanza y de las demandas generadas por el mismo. La perspectiva metodológica adoptada es cualitativo descriptiva, ya que la investigación consiste en la descripción de aspectos de un ambiente social (institucional, escolar) con el cual el investigador está nítidamente asociado. Fundamentamos nuestros análisis en referenciales teóricos sobre Políticas Linguísticas, especialmente las educativas (KAPLAN; BALDAUF, 1997; MENKEN; GARCÍA, 2010). El estudio muestra las particularidades que deben ser consideradas en las decisiones referentes a la planificación del curso, definiciones metodológicas y consecuente elaboración del material didáctico, además de proveer indicaciones sobre cómo trabajar con ese contexto singular.O fortalecimento do ensino técnico no Brasil, com a criação dos Institutos Federais (Lei 11.892/2008), trouxe uma nova realidade para os professores de espanhol: o desafio de trabalhar em um contexto educacional cuja proposta é baseada na verticalização do ensino. Nessa realidade, um docente pode atuar em distintos níveis educativos (do Ensino Médio à Pós-graduação) dentro de uma única instituição. Este trabalho objetiva apontar as políticas linguístico-educativas adotadas no contexto de ensino de espanhol em cursos técnicos de nível médio, nas modalidades integrada, concomitante e subsequente, de dois campi de um Instituto Federal do sul do Brasil, bem como apresentar reflexões a respeito de algumas especificidades desse nível de ensino e das demandas por ele geradas. A perspectiva metodológica adotada é qualitativo-descritiva, já que a pesquisa consiste na descrição de aspectos de um ambiente social (o institucional, escolar) com o qual o pesquisador está nitidamente imbricado. Baseamos nossas análises em referenciais teóricos sobre Políticas Linguísticas, especialmente as educativas (KAPLAN; BALDAUF, 1997; MENKEN; GARCÍA, 2010). O estudo mostra as particularidades que devem ser consideradas nas decisões referentes ao planejamento de curso, definições metodológicas e consequente elaboração de material didático, além de prover indicações sobre como lidar com esse contexto singular

La enseñanza del saber histórico derivado del cambio social

En el siguiente texto se desarrollarán las temáticas expuestas por autores como Aguilera (2017), Colmenares (1989) y Acuña (2020), sobre la enseñanza de la historia en Colombia; y se realizará un análisis sobre La enseñanza de saber histórico derivado del cambio social. En un inicio se plantea identificar cómo se concibe el saber histórico en Colombia teniendo como base los manuales escolares. En segunda instancia se abordará cuál ha sido el uso público de la enseñanza de historia y su importancia en la configuración de representaciones y memorias colectivas para la formación de valores. Por último, se abarcará la escuela como escenario social que promueve estructuras de conocimiento y que ha sido intervenida por el proyecto social del Estado, el cual; haimplementado contrarreformas educativas que han sido acusadas de difuminar el saber histórico