Evaluation of the influence of Inosine pranobex on the matrix protein system in patients with chronic viral cervicitis

The reproductive potential of both women and men is declining every year. Many factors contribute to the violation of the reproductive function – chemical, physical, mechanical, psychogenic, however, biological factors have the most pronounced effect on reproduction. Chronic viral cervicitis can be not only the cause of infertility and reproductive losses, but also the development of intraepithelial dysplasia, as well as cervical cancer. PVI, as a monoinfection, is quite rare along with HPV. Other UGIs (urogenital infections) act as common routes of transmission and entry gates. The most common association with PVI is herpesvirus infection. An increase in MMP, both systemically and at the local level, may indicate a violation of cell modeling processes, which contributes to the development of autoimmune inflammation with further destruction of the tissues of the reproductive tract. Activation of MMP promotes the release of HSV from the nerve ganglia and reactivation of the infection. Therapy for HPV and HVI (herpes virus infections) are debatable. There is no single standard of treatment, but there are a number of drugs that have antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. Currently, there are no studies on the dynamics of the effect of HPV and HSV infection on the state of MMPs and TIMPs during Inosine pranobex therapy. Objective: to evaluate changes in matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and their tissue inhibitors types 1 and 2 in patients with human papillomavirus and herpes infections after Inosine pranobex therapy. 6 patients with papillomavirus and herpetic infections were examined and treated with drugs containing the active ingredient Inosine pranobex. The levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-1, TIMP-2 in blood serum were determined using specific reagents from R&D Diagnostics Inc. (USA). The dynamics of indicators in the blood serum of patients with PVI showed a decrease in the level of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 with a simultaneous increase in TIMP-2 relative to the values before therapy. In patients with PVI and HVI, Inosine pranobex therapy showed a decrease in MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels, no changes in the content of TIMP-1, but an increase in the serum content of TIMP-2. Prior to the use of therapy, an increase in the ratio in the main groups in comparison with the control group was found, however, the largest increase was found in the group with the association of infections. After therapy, positive dynamics was established in the main groups. Thus, the ratio in group I decreased and became equal to the control values. In the II group of patients, the ratio, despite the decrease, remained higher than the control values and higher in comparison with the I group of women

Нокдаун клеточных генов FLT4, Nup98 и Nup205 как супрессор вирусной активности гриппа А/WSN/33 (H1N1) в культуре клеток А549

Objectives. To evaluate the effect of cellular genes FLT4, Nup98, and Nup205 on the reproduction of the influenza A virus in A549 human lung cancer cell line.Methods. The work was carried out using the equipment of the center for collective use of the I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera (Russia). The virus-containing fluid was collected within three days from the moment of transfection and infection and the intensity of viral reproduction was assessed by viral titration and hemagglutination reaction. The viral RNA concentration was determined by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). To calculate statistically significant differences between groups, the nonparametric Mann–Whitney test was used.Results. In cells treated with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeted at FLT4, Nup98, and Nup205 genes, a significant decrease in their expression and indicators of viral reproduction (virus titer, hemagglutinating activity, viral RNA concentration) was observed at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) = 0.1. Additionally, it was found that a decrease in the expression of target genes using siRNA does not lead to a significant decrease in cell survival. The viral titer in cells treated with siRNA FLT4.2, Nup98.1, and Nup205 on the first day was lower by an average of 1.0 lg, and on the second and third days, by 2.2–2.3 lg, compared to cells treated with nonspecific siRNA. During real-time RT-PCR, a significant decrease in the concentration of viral RNA was observed with siRNA Nup98.1 (up to 190 times) and Nup205 (up to 30 times) on the first day, 26 and 29 times on the second day, and 6 and 30 times on the third day, respectively. For FLT4.2 siRNA, the number of viral RNA copies decreased by 23, 18, and 16 times on the first, second, and third days. Similar results were obtained when determining the hemagglutinating activity of the virus. The hemagglutinating activity on the third day most strongly decreased in cells treated with siRNA Nup205 and FLT4.2 (16 times). In cells treated with siRNA FLT4.1, Nup98.1, and Nup98.2, hemagglutinating activity decreased by 8 times.Conclusions. In the present study, three cellular genes (FLT4, Nup98, and Nup205) were identified—the decrease in the expression of which effectively suppresses viral reproduction— and the original siRNA sequences were obtained. The results obtained are important for creating therapeutic and prophylactic medication, whose action is based on the RNA interference mechanism.Цели. Оценка влияния подавления экспрессии клеточных генов FLT4, Nup98 и Nup205 на динамику репродукции вируса гриппа А в культуре легочных клеток человека А549.Методы. Работа выполнена с использованием оборудования центра коллективного пользования Научно-исследовательского института вакцин и сывороток им И.И. Мечникова (Россия). Вируссодержащую жидкость отбирали в течение трех дней с момента трансфекции и заражения и оценивали интенсивность вирусной репродукции методами титрования по цитопатическому действию и в реакции гемагглютинации. Концентрацию вирусной РНК определяли методом полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) в реальном времени с обратной транскрипцией (ОТ-ПЦР-РВ). Для вычисления статистически значимых различий между группами использовали непараметрический критерий Манна–Уитни.Результаты. В клетках, обработанных малыми интерферирующими РНК (миРНК) к генам FLT4, Nup98 и Nup205, отмечалось достоверное подавление экспрессии целевых генов и показателей вирусной репродукции (титр вируса, гемагглютинирующая активность, концентрация вирусной РНК) при коэффициенте множественности заражения, равном 0.1. Дополнительно было установлено, что подавление экспрессии целевых генов с помощью миРНК не приводит к значительному снижению выживаемости клеток. Вирусный титр в клетках, обработанных миРНК FLT4.2, Nup98.1 и Nup205, на первые сутки был меньше в среднем на 1.0 lg, а на вторые и третьи – на 2.2–2.3 lg, по сравнению с клетками, обработанными неспецифической миРНК. При проведении ОТ-ПЦР-РВ отмечено достоверное уменьшение концентрации вирусной РНК с миРНК Nup98.1 (до 190 раз) и Nup205 (до 30 раз) на первые сутки, в 26 и в 29 раз на вторые и в 6 и 30 раз на третьи сутки, соответственно. Для миРНК FLT4.2 количество копий вирусной РНК уменьшилось в 23, 18 и 16 раз на первые, вторые и третьи сутки. Схожие результаты были получены при определении гемагглютинирующей активности вируса. Наиболее сильно, в 16 раз, гемагглютинирующая активность на третьи сутки снизилась в клетках, обработанных миРНК Nup205 и FLT4.2. В клетках, обработанных миРНК FLT4.1, Nup98.1 и Nup98.2, гемагглютинирующая активность уменьшилась в 8 раз.Выводы. В ходе исследования были выявлены три клеточных гена (FLT4, Nup98 и Nup205), подавление экспрессии которых позволяет эффективно уменьшить вирусную репродукцию, а также получены оригинальные последовательности миРНК. Полученные результаты имеют важное значение для создания терапевтических и профилактических препаратов, чье действие основано на механизме РНК-интерференции

Исследование противогриппозной активности комплексов миРНК против клеточных генов FLT4, Nup98 и Nup205 на модели in vitro

Objectives. Evaluation of changes in the viral activity of influenza A/WSN/33 after complex knockdown of combinations of cellular genes FLT4, Nup98 and Nup205 in human lung cell culture A549. Methods. The work was carried out using the equipment of the Center for Collective Use of the I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Russia. The authors performed transfection of combinations of small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) complexes that cause simultaneous disruption of the expression of cellular genes FLT4, Nup98, and Nup205. Within three days from the moment of transfection and infection, the supernatant fluid and cell lysate were taken for subsequent viral reproduction intensity determination using the titration method for cytopathic action. The dynamics of changes in the concentration of viral ribonucleic acid (vRNA) was determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR). The nonparametric Mann–Whitney test was used to calculate statistically significant differences between groups.Results. Using all of the combinations of siRNA complexes, cell viability did not decrease below the threshold level of 70%. In cells treated with complex FLT4.2 + Nup98.1 + Nup205 at the multiplicity of infection (MOI) equal to 0.1, a significant decrease in viral reproduction by 1.5 lg was noted on the first day in relation to nonspecific and viral controls. The use of siRNA complexes at MOI 0.01 resulted in a more pronounced antiviral effect. The viral titer in cells treated with siRNA complexes FLT4.2 + Nup98.1 and Nup98.1 + Nup205 decreased by 1.5 lg on the first day. In cells treated with complexes FLT4.2 + Nup205 and FLT4.2 + Nup98.1 + Nup205, it decreased by 1.8 and 2.0 lg on the first day and by 1.8 and 2.5 lg on the second day, respectively, in relation to nonspecific and viral controls. When conducting real-time RT-PCR, a significant decrease in the concentration of vRNA was noted. At MOI 0.1, a 295, 55, and 63-fold decrease in the viral load was observed with the use of siRNA complexes FLT4.2 + Nup98.1, Nup98.1 + Nup205, and FLT4.2 + Nup98.1 + Nup205, respectively. On the second day, a decrease in vRNA was also observed in cells treated with complex A. A 415-fold decrease in vRNA on the third day was noted in cells treated with complex FLT4.2 + Nup205. At MOI 0.01, the concentration of vRNA decreased 9.5 times when using complex B relative to nonspecific and viral control.Conclusions. The study showed a pronounced antiviral effect of siRNA combinations while simultaneously suppressing the activity of cellular genes (FLT4, Nup98, and Nup205), whose expression products are playing important role in the viral reproduction process, and obtained original designs of siRNA complexes. The results obtained are of great importance for the creation of emergence prophylactic and therapeutic drugs, whose action is based on the mechanism of RNA interference.Цели. Оценка изменения вирусной активности гриппа A/WSN/33 после комплексного нокдауна комбинаций клеточных генов FLT4, Nup98 и Nup205 в культуре легочных кле­ток человека А549.Методы. Работа выполнена с использованием оборудования центра коллективного поль­зования Научно-исследовательского института вакцин и сывороток им И.И. Мечникова (Россия). Авторами выполнялась трансфекция комбинаций комплексов миРНК, вызыва­ющих одновременное нарушение экспрессии клеточных генов FLT4, Nup98 и Nup205. В течение трех дней с момента трансфекции и заражения проводился отбор надосадоч­ной жидкости и клеточного лизата для последующего определения интенсивности ви­русной репродукции по методу титрования по цитопатическому действию. Динамику изменения концентрации вирусной рибонуклеиновой кислоты (вРНК) определяли мето­дом обратной транскрипции и полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального вре­мени (ОТ-ПЦР-РВ). Для вычисления статистически значимых различий между группами использовали непараметрический критерий Манна-Уитни.Результаты. При использовании всех комбинаций комплексов малых интерферирую­щих РНК (миРНК) жизнеспособность клеток не снижалась ниже порогового уровня в 70%. В клетках, обработанных комплексом FLT4.2 + Nup98.1 + Nup205 при множественности заражения (Multiplicity of infection, MOI) 0.1 достоверное снижение вирусной репродукции на 1.5 lg отмечалось на первые сутки по отношению к неспецифическому и вирусному контролям. Использование комплексов миРНК при MOI 0.01 приводило к более выражен­ному противовирусному эффекту. Вирусный титр в клетках, обработанных комплек­сами миРНК FLT4.2 + Nup98.1 и Nup98.1 + Nup205 снижался на первые сутки на 1.5 lg. В клетках, обработанных комплексами FLT4.2 + Nup205 и FLT4.2 + Nup98.1 + Nup205 снижался на 1.8 и 2 lg на первые сутки и на 1.8 и 2.5 lg на вторые сутки соответствен­но по отношению к неспецифическому и вирусному контролям. При проведении ОТ-ПЦР-РВ отмечено достоверное снижение концентрации вирусной РНК. При MOI 0.1 снижение ви­русной в 295, 55 и 63 раза отмечался при использовании комплексов миРНК FLT4.2 + Nup98.1, Nup98.1 + Nup205 и FLT4.2 + Nup98.1 + Nup205 соответственно. На вторые сутки сниже­ние вирусной РНК также отмечалось в клетках, обработанных комплексом FLT4.2 + Nup98.1. Снижение вРНК на третьи сутки в 415 раз отмечалось в клетках, обработанных ком­плексом FLT4.2 + Nup205. При MOI 0.01 концентрация вРНК снизилась в 9.5 раз при ис­пользовании комплекса Nup98.1 + Nup205 относительно неспецифического и вирусного контроля.Выводы. В ходе исследования был показан выраженный противовирусный эффект ком­бинаций миРНК при одновременном подавлении активности клеточных генов (FLT4, Nup98 и Nup205), чьи продукты экспрессии играют важное участие в процессе вирусной репродукции, а также получены оригинальные конструкции комплексов миРНК. Полу­ченные результаты имеют важное значение для создания препаратов для экстренной профилактики и терапии, чье действие основано на механизме РНК-интерференции

Search for Doubly-Charged Higgs Boson Production at HERA

A search for the single production of doubly-charged Higgs bosons H^{\pm \pm} in ep collisions is presented. The signal is searched for via the Higgs decays into a high mass pair of same charge leptons, one of them being an electron. The analysis uses up to 118 pb^{-1} of ep data collected by the H1 experiment at HERA. No evidence for doubly-charged Higgs production is observed and mass dependent upper limits are derived on the Yukawa couplings h_{el} of the Higgs boson to an electron-lepton pair. Assuming that the doubly-charged Higgs only decays into an electron and a muon via a coupling of electromagnetic strength h_{e \mu} = \sqrt{4 \pi \alpha_{em}} = 0.3, a lower limit of 141 GeV on the H^{\pm\pm} mass is obtained at the 95% confidence level. For a doubly-charged Higgs decaying only into an electron and a tau and a coupling h_{e\tau} = 0.3, masses below 112 GeV are ruled out.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl

Forward pi^0 Production and Associated Transverse Energy Flow in Deep-Inelastic Scattering at HERA

Deep-inelastic positron-proton interactions at low values of Bjorken-x down to x \approx 4.10^-5 which give rise to high transverse momentum pi^0 mesons are studied with the H1 experiment at HERA. The inclusive cross section for pi^0 mesons produced at small angles with respect to the proton remnant (the forward region) is presented as a function of the transverse momentum and energy of the pi^0 and of the four-momentum transfer Q^2 and Bjorken-x. Measurements are also presented of the transverse energy flow in events containing a forward pi^0 meson. Hadronic final state calculations based on QCD models implementing different parton evolution schemes are confronted with the data.Comment: 27 pages, 8 figures and 3 table

Unbinned deep learning jet substructure measurement in high Q2Q^2 ep collisions at HERA

The radiation pattern within high energy quark- and gluon-initiated jets (jet substructure) is used extensively as a precision probe of the strong force as well as an environment for optimizing event generators with numerous applications in high energy particle and nuclear physics. Looking at electron-proton collisions is of particular interest as many of the complications present at hadron colliders are absent. A detailed study of modern jet substructure observables, jet angularities, in electron-proton collisions is presented using data recorded using the H1 detector at HERA. The measurement is unbinned and multi-dimensional, using machine learning to correct for detector effects. All of the available reconstructed object information of the respective jets is interpreted by a graph neural network, achieving superior precision on a selected set of jet angularities. Training these networks was enabled by the use of a large number of GPUs in the Perlmutter supercomputer at Berkeley Lab. The particle jets are reconstructed in the laboratory frame, using the kt jet clustering algorithm. Results are reported at high transverse momentum transfer $Q^2$>150 GeV$^2$ , and inelasticity 0.2<y<0.7 . The analysis is also performed in sub-regions of Q$^2$, thus probing scale dependencies of the substructure variables. The data are compared with a variety of predictions and point towards possible improvements of such models

Смертность от болезней органов дыхания в 2014–2015 гг. и пути ее снижения

An analysis of mortality from respiratory diseases in population of Russian Federation in 2014 and January to September, 2015, has been done in the article based on the official statistics of Healthcare Ministry of Russian Federation and the Federal Service of State Statistics. Mortality from respiratory diseases was 54.4 per 100,000 including mortality from pneumonia of 27.2 per 100,000 in 2014 in Russian Federation (not including data for Crimea Federal District). The highest mortality from pneumonia in 2014 was registered in the Far Eastern Federal District (40.5 per 100,000). In 2014, pneumonia accounted for 49.9%; chronic lower respiratory diseases, 43.2%; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 40.39%; and asthma, 2.3% of the total mortality from respiratory diseases. In nine months of 2015, mortality from respiratory diseases was 52.9 per 100,000; from pneumonia, 24.6; from flu and other acute respiratory infections, 0.3 per 100,000. Pneumonia accounted for 46.5% of the total mortality from respiratory diseases in nine months of 2015.Проведен анализ показателей смертности населения (ПСН) России от болезней органов дыхания (БОД) за 2014 г. и за январь-сентябрь (2015) по данным официальной статистической информации Минздрава России и Росстата. В 2014 г. в России (без учета Крымского федерального округа) ПСН от БОД составил 54,5, в т. ч. от пневмоний – 27,2 на 100 тыс. населения. Самые высокие ПСН от пневмоний в 2014 г. регистрировались в Дальневосточном федеральном округе (40,5 на 100 тыс.). В структуре смертности населения России по причине БОД в 2014 г. пневмония составляла 49,9 % всех случаев, хронические болезни нижних дыхательных путей – 43,2 %, в т. ч. хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких – 40,39 %, бронхиальная астма – 2,3 %. За 9 мес. 2015 г. ПСН от БОД составил 52,9, от пневмоний – 24,6, от гриппа и острых респираторных заболеваний – 0,3 на 100 тыс. С пневмонией связано 46,5 % смертей от БОД