Literature and Cinema: My Doubts, My Challenges and My Hope

Panel: Writers on Fil

COMPUTER SIMULATION: TRAFFIC-RELATED AIR POLLUTION AND THE TRAFFIC SIGNAL CYCLE TIME OPTIMIZATION

Emissions from motor vehicles, one of the most important air pollution sources in the city, is emerging as a growing problem in large-scale cities. The amounts of emissions are affected by the number of vehicles in traffic, vehicle technology, geometric and traffic conditions of highways and intersections, and environmental factors. Traffic flow is mostly interrupted at Intersections in local traffic, especially in city centers. Emissions of these points, where traffic behavior is changed and vehicles stop and go, are higher as compared to uninterrupted flows. In this study, current state emissions at 120 Intersection were determined by SIDRA INTERSECTION software. Then, new emissions are determined by the same software after improvement in signalization. As a result of the study, fuel consumption and pollutant emissions were calculated before and after improvement. As a result of observations at the intersection, current state fuel consumption was calculated as 1718.2, l/hour, and CO2, CO, HC, and NOX emissions were 40464.7, 3.821, 0.482, and 5.060 kg/hour respectively for the morning. After that current state fuel consumption was calculated as 1492.1, l/hour, and CO2, CO, HC, and NOX emissions were 3522, 3.116, 0.406, and 3.246 kg/hour respectively for the evening. It has been determined that there were significant differences between the current state and after improvement. Improvements in geometric conditions or signalization at intersections may result in a decrease in vehicle emissions and improve the air quality in cities

Temporal variation of the pseudo total content of heavy metals in Ulaanbaatar soil

This work shows some of the results of investigation into pseudo total content of heavy metals in the surface soil of Ulaanbaatar.The main objectives of this study are to (i) evaluate temporal variability of pseudo-total content of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co and Mn in surface soil of Ulaanbaatar collected from 2003 to 2018, (ii) identify the main discriminates - metals during the years 2003-2018 years and, (iii) investigate the interdependence of main discriminates on the soil reaction (pH) and soil organic matter.Due to urbanization and negative human activities, surface soil in Ulaanbaatar losing their natural features, which are changing, while the spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals in urban surface soil is becoming irregular. In Ulaanbaatar surface soil, the mean concentration of Cu, Zn and Pb much mois very high and the mean concentration of Co is lower than background soil. In some land use zones, it was found that the mean concentraion of Zn and Cr was considerably higher than the permissible level. The pollution condition of Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni and Cd was the same in 2010-2018 and the pollution conditions of Pb, Cu and Co are different. The main discriminants are Pb, Cu and Co. In Ulaanbaatar soil, a strikingly close correlationhip was established for Cu, Pb with the soil organic matter, and for Cd, Zn, Cr with the pH, respectively

Postprandial Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent prospective studies in healthy individuals suggest that the postprandial triglyceride (TG) level is a better independent predictor for assessing future CVD events than fasting TG levels. In contrast, results have been more controversial among diabetic patients, as some studies report a positive association between postprandial TG and CVD. This raises the issue of to what extent postprandial TG levels may be of predictive value in the diabetic population. One possibility impacting on the predictive power of postprandial TG in identifying CVD risk may be the presence of other risk factors, including alterations in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, which could make it more difficult to identify the impact of postprandial lipemia on cardiovascular risk. The findings provide a challenge to develop a better approach to assess the impact of postprandial lipemia on CVD risk under diabetic conditions

Moğolistan sağlık sisteminin incelenmesi ve bir değerlendirme

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Sağlık sistemi, hedef nüfusun sağlık ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için sağlık hizmeti sunan insan, kurum ve kaynakları kapsayan bir organizasyondur. Bir sağlık sisteminin değerlendirmesi için kullanlan temel göstergeler; yaşam beklentisi, doğurganlık oranı, anne ölüm hızı ve bebek ölüm hızı olarak sıralanabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Moğolistan Sağlık Sisteminin incelenmesidir. Çalışma, mevcut durumun belirlenmesi, sağlık göstergelerinin değerlendirilmesi, orta gelir düzeyi altındaki ülkeler içindeki konumunun tespit edilmesi ve bazı ülkelerle karşılaştırılmasını içermektedir. Bir ülkenin mevcut sağlık sisteminin, toplum ihtiyaçlarına ne düzeyde cevap verdiği ve dünya gerçekleriyle ne oranda örtüştüğünün belirlenmesi; buna göre gerekli tedbirlerin alınması ve geliştirilmesi bu tür çalışmaları gerekli ve önemli kılmaktadır. Çalışmada, konuya ilişkin bilimsel yazın ve Dünya Bankası verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Moğolistan sağlık göstergelerin değerlendirilmesi için En Küçük Kareler Yöntemi, orta gelir düzeyinin altında olan ülkelerinin sağlık göstergelerin değerlendirilmesi için ise Panel Veri Analizi (E-views 8 programı) kullanılmıştır. Elden edilen bulgulara göre Moğolistan, orta gelir düzeyi altındaki 51 ülke kategorisi içinde kişi başına düşen GSYİH açısından altıncı; kişi başına sağlık harcamaları bakımından 12. (onikinci); 1000 kişiye düşen hekim sayısı bakımından dördüncü; yatak sayısı bakımından ise ikinci sırada yeralmaktadır. Sağlık göstergeleri açısından ise, yaşam beklentisi bakımından 25. (yirmibeşinci); doğurganlık oranı açısından 31. (otuzbirinci) sıradadır. Anne ve bebek ölüm hızıları açısından ise 13. (onüçüncü) sıradadır. En Küçük Kareler Yöntemine göre yapılan hesaplamada, GSYİH içindeki sağlık harcamalarının bir birim artması halinde, yaş ortalamasının %7 artması; anne ölüm hızının %11 ve bebek ölüm hızının ise %7,9 oranında azalmasının mümkün olabileceği tahmin edilmiştir. Panel Veri Analizine göre yapılan hesaplamada ise, diğer sağlık sistemleri ile kıyaslandığında, Beveridge sağlık sisteminin yaşam beklentisini %7 oranında arttırabildiği; bebek ölüm oranını %64 ve anne ölüm oranını ise %106 azaltabildiği görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada elde edilen veriler ve ulaşılan bulgulara göre, Moğolistan ve orta gelir düzeyi altındaki ülkelerde, GSYİH içindeki sağlık harcamalarının arttırılması ve Beveridge sağlık sisteminin uygulanması durumunda, sağlık göstergelerinin olumlu yönde etkileneceği söylenebilir.Health system is an organization including people, institutions and resources that delivers health service for target population in order to satisfy their health needs. Basic indicators for evaluating health system are life expectancy, fertility rate, maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate. This study aims to examine health system of Mongolia. In this context, current situation was identified, health indicators were assessed, country's status was determined among countries below the middle-income level and comparisons made with some of the countries. This study has provided significant policy implementation on health institutions and suggested how to encounter the health needs of the society. In this study, relevant scientific literature and World Bank data were utilized. "Least Squares Method" was implemented for assessing health indicators of Mongolia and "Panel Data Analysis" (8 programs for E-views) was utilized for assessing health indicators of countries below the middle-income level. According to the findings, Mongolia was ranked sixth by GDP per capita and twelfth by health expenditure per capita among 51 countries below the middle-income level. Fourth in terms of number of physicians per 1000 patients and second in terms of number of beds. According to the health indicators, it was ranked twenty fifth in the ranking among same countries by life expectancy and thirty first place by fertility rate. In terms of maternal and infant mortality rate it was ranked in thirteenth. In the calculations made according to the least squares method, if the health expenditures in GDP increases by one unit, the average age will increase by 7%. It was estimated that it would be feasible to reduce maternal mortality rate by 11% and infant mortality rate by 7.9%. According to the Panel Data Analysis, it was estimated that Beveridge health system can increase the life expectancy by 7% and reduce infant mortality by 64% and maternal mortality by 106%, compared to other health systems. The findings have revealed that there would be a positive impact on health indicators by increasing health expenditure in GDP and implementing Beveridge health system in Mongolia and in other countries below middle-income level

Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis and Human Papillomavirus) in Female Attendees of a Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Background: Epidemiological data suggest that the prevalence of syphilis, gonorrhea and trichomoniasis has increased in both urban and rural areas of Mongolia. These data are primarily substantiated by notifications of cases of clinically apparent disease in both rural and urban areas, plus laboratory diagnoses from the AIDS/STD Reference Center,Ulaanbaatar. In the past 5 years, however, there has been a marked decline in the total number of patients being screened for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). An assessment of true prevalence of STIs in a female population attending an urban sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic was therefore commenced. Methods: Consecutivewomen attending an STD clinic in Ulaanbaatar had genital samples collected by the insertion and immediate removal of a tampon, which was then tested for the presence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Chlamydia trachomatis, human papillomavirus (HPV) and Trichomonas vaginalis , using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Results: A total of 110 women were studied (mean age 26.7 years). Overall, 58 (53%) patients had one or more pathogens identified; 43 (39%) had a single pathogen, while 15 (14%) had mixed pathogens. C. trachomatis was found in 15 (14%), N. gonorrhoeae in 12 (11%), T. vaginalis in nine (8%) and HPV in 39 (36%). Among the 39 HPV-positive patients, oncogenic genotypes (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52) were found in 17 (44%) patients. Conclusions: Sexually transmitted infections as defined by PCR were common, and found in 53%of female attendees of an urban STD clinic in Mongolia. As infections with conventional STIs increase the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, it is imperative that strategies be introduced to reduce the prevalence of STIs. Furthermore, detection of oncogenic HPV was common, indicating that it is vital that a strategy to reduce cervical cancer such as a pre-cancer cervical cytology screening program also be introduced

Outbound Medical Tourism from Mongolia: a Qualitative Examination of Proposed Domestic Health System and Policy Responses to this Trend

Background: Medical tourism is the practice of traveling across international boundaries in order to access medical care. Residents of low-to-middle income countries with strained or inadequate health systems have long traveled to other countries in order to access procedures not available in their home countries and to take advantage of higher quality care elsewhere. In Mongolia, for example, residents are traveling to China, Japan, Thailand, South Korea, and other countries for care. As a result of this practice, there are concerns that travel abroad from Mongolia and other countries risks impoverishing patients and their families.   Methods: In this paper, we present findings from 15 interviews with Mongolian medical tourism stakeholders about the impacts of, causes of, and responses to outbound medical tourism. These findings were developed using a case study methodology that also relied on tours of health care facilities and informal discussions with citizens and other stakeholders during April, 2012.   Results: Based on these findings, health policy changes are needed to address the outflow of Mongolian medical tourists. Key areas for reform include increasing funding for the Mongolian health system and enhancing the efficient use of these funds, improving training opportunities and incentives for health workers, altering the local culture of care to be more supportive of patients, and addressing concerns of corruption and favouritism in the health system.   Conclusions: While these findings are specific to the Mongolian health system, other low-to-middle income countries experiencing outbound medical tourism will benefit from consideration of how these findings apply to their own contexts. As medical tourism is increasing in visibility globally, continued research on its impacts and context-specific policy responses are needed. &nbsp