DAS dataset suitable for microseismic and ANI analysis

Deliverable 1.2 concerns a DAS dataset suitable for microseismic and ambient noise interferometry (ANI). For this deliverable the DAS field dataset of FORGE is recommended. FORGE is the Frontier Organization For Research in Geothermal Energy, and is a field laboratory for developing an enhanced geothermal system in hot crystalline rock situated near the town of Milford in Utah, USA (https://utahforge.com/). The FORGE team is led by Joe Moore of Utah (and funded by the US Department of Energy) and is credited for this dataset. The dataset is completely open access, but obviously attribution would be appreciated in any publications. The FORGE dataset applies for deliverable 1.2, because it provides downhole DAS and geophone recordings of microseismic events, and covers approximately two weeks of continuous DAS recordings that can be used to test the potential of DAS for the ANI method. In addition to the FORGE dataset, various other DAS datasets have recently become publicly available that are recommended to consider as well for further work in task 1.3 and associated tasks, since they can be valuable in addressing different research aspects of the application of DAS. Table 1.1 gives a summary of the different open access datasets considered for this deliverable. This table also shows whether the datasets are suitable to be used for microseismic and ANI analysis. With this application in mind for deliverable 1.2, and when compared against alternative datasets (see Table 1.1), the FORGE dataset is considered to be especially relevant for this deliverable, since it provides both microseismic event data and continuous DAS recordings from a borehole configuration spanning a relatively long duration (17 days). The borehole configuration is preferable for the purpose of detecting micro-seismicity since it allows measurements close to the reservoir and therefore able to detect weaker events compared to a trenched deployment at the surface. FORGE concerns an enhanced geothermal system and in this setting the mechanism driving seismicity is different compared to the case of CO2 injection and storage (DIGIMON). However, the performance of the DAS cable with respect to detected seismicity is expected to be similar for the case of monitoring CO2 injection and storage as in a geothermal setting and therefore the FORGE dataset is expected to be suited for this purpose

DAS field dataset to compare technologies and deployment scenarios

This report describes a Distributed Acoustic Sensor (DAS) dataset acquired by DigiMon partners at the Containment and Monitoring Institute’s (CaMI) Field Research Station (FRS), Canada, between 6th to 10th September 2021. The field dataset contributes to the Deliverable D1.1 of the DigiMon project (DAS field dataset to compare technologies and deployment scenarios), which supports tasks 1.2 and 1.3 of the project. The objective of the DigiMon project is to develop an early-warning system for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), which utilises a broad range of sensor technologies including DAS. While the system is primarily focused on CCS projects located in shallow offshore environment of the North Sea, it is also intended to be adaptable to onshore settings. Some of the key areas that the systems will monitor include the movement of the plume within the reservoir, well integrity, and CO2 leakage into the overburden. A combination of both active and passive seismic methods will be deployed to track the movement of CO2, for example seismic reflection to image seismic velocity changes and microseismics to capture fault activation. Acquiring seismic surveys using DAS is highly novel and offers cost-effective approach which can significantly increase the spatial resolution of the survey data; however, it has had limited use in the operational environment with several technical challenges still needing to be resolved, such as the transfer function of DAS. CaMi FRS was selected as a field test location as the site has been specifically established to advance the development of monitoring technologies and protocols for CCS operations. At CaMi FRS, several different monitoring arrays have been installed which are directly applicable to DigiMon. This includes a 5km loop of DAS optical fibre, located with a 1.1 km surface trench and two observation wells, an array of surface and borehole geophone nodes, and 6 broadband seismometers operating by the University of Bristol. This monitoring infrastructure has been primarily installed to monitor CO2 injections into the Basal Belly River sandstone formation at approximately 300m below ground level. Injection of CO2 began at FRS in 2019 and during this time microseismic events have been recorded, albeit at shallower levels than the injection point. The site therefore provides a potential DAS dataset which contains both active and passive measurements for the DigiMon project. The abundance of instrumentation including DAS, geophones, and broadband seismometers provides a unique chance to test the capacity of these instruments for C02 storage monitoring

Cross hole seismic experiment with DAS/DTS data. Svelvik CO2 field lab

Primary purposes of the fieldwork at Svelvik include the provision of datasets which supports task 1.2 ‘determining the DAS transfer function’ and task 1.3 ‘develop DAS data processing techniques and workflow’. The fieldwork also serves as a test of the novel SV wave seismic source developed as part of Task 1.4. ‘Active source technology development and optimising monitoring design.Cross hole seismic experiment with DAS/DTS data. Svelvik CO2 field labpublishedVersio

The UK Cardiac and Vascular Surgery Interventional Anaemia Response (CAVIAR) Study: protocol for an observational cohort study to determine the impact and effect of preoperative anaemia management in cardiac and vascular surgical patients.

INTRODUCTION: Preoperative anaemia is linked to poor postsurgical outcome, longer hospital stays, greater risk of complications and mortality. Currently in the UK, some sites have developed anaemia clinics or pathways that use intravenous iron to correct iron deficiency anaemia prior to surgery as their standard of care. Although intravenous iron has been observed to be effective in a variety of patient settings, there is insufficient evidence in its use in cardiac and vascular patients. The aim of this study is to observe the impact and effect of anaemia and its management in patients undergoing cardiac and vascular surgery. In addition, the UK Cardiac and Vascular Surgery Interventional Anaemia Response (CAVIAR) Study is also a feasibility study with the aim to establish anaemia management pathways in the preoperative setting to inform the design of future randomised controlled trials. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The UK CAVIAR Study is a multicentre, stepped, observational study, in patients awaiting major cardiac or vascular surgery. We will be examining different haematological variables (especially hepcidin), functional capacity and patient outcome. Patients will be compared based on their anaemia status, whether they received intravenous iron in accordance to their hospital's preoperative pathway, and their disease group. The primary outcomes are the change in haemoglobin levels from baseline (before treatment) to before surgery; and the number of successful patients recruited and consented (feasibility). The secondary outcomes will include changes in biomarkers of iron deficiency, length of stay, quality of life and postoperative recovery. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol was approved by the London-Westminster Research Ethics Committee (15/LO/1569, 27 November 2015). NHS approval was also obtained with each hospital trust. The findings of the study will be published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Clinical Trials registry (NCT02637102) and the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN55032357)

Interplay of Staphylococcal and Host Proteases Promotes Skin Barrier Disruption in Netherton Syndrome.

Netherton syndrome (NS) is a monogenic skin disease resulting from loss of function of lymphoepithelial Kazal-type-related protease inhibitor (LEKTI-1). In this study we examine if bacteria residing on the skin are influenced by the loss of LEKTI-1 and if interaction between this human gene and resident bacteria contributes to skin disease. Shotgun sequencing of the skin microbiome demonstrates that lesional skin of NS subjects is dominated by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Isolates of either species from NS subjects are able to induce skin inflammation and barrier damage on mice. These microbes promote skin inflammation in the setting of LEKTI-1 deficiency due to excess proteolytic activity promoted by S. aureus phenol-soluble modulin α as well as increased bacterial proteases staphopain A and B from S. aureus or EcpA from S. epidermidis. These findings demonstrate the critical need for maintaining homeostasis of host and microbial proteases to prevent a human skin disease

Chemerin and the recruitment of NK cells to diseased skin

Natural killer (NK) cells play a major role in the initial control of many viral pathogens and in the rejection of tumors. Consistent with their roles as immune sentinels, NK cells are found in inflamed skin, including lichen planus, psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) lesions. In oral lichen planus lesions, the recruitment as well as intradermal colocalization of NK cells and pDC (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) appear to be mediated by chemerin, a recently identified protein ligand for chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), a chemoattractant receptor expressed by both cell types. Dendritic cells can regulate NK cell activity, and NK cells can regulate DC-mediated responses. Since chemerin was recently implicated in recruitment of pDC to psoriatic skin, in this work we determined whether chemerin facilitates interactions between NK and pDC in psoriatic plaques through controlling influx of NK cells to diseased skin. We demonstrate that circulating NK cells from normal donors as well as psoriasis and AD patients respond similarly in functional migration assays to chemerin. However, differences in the distribution of NK cells and pDC in skin lesions suggest that recruitment of both NK cells and pDC is unlikely to be controlled solely by chemerin