Belowground and aboveground herbivory differentially affect the transcriptome in roots and shoots of maize.

Plants recognize and respond to feeding by herbivorous insects by upregulating their local and systemic defenses. While defense induction by aboveground herbivores has been well studied, far less is known about local and systemic defense responses against attacks by belowground herbivores. Here, we investigated and compared the responses of the maize transcriptome to belowground and aboveground mechanical damage and infestation by two well-adapted herbivores: the soil-dwelling western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the leaf-chewing fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In responses to both herbivores, maize plants were found to alter local transcription of genes involved in phytohormone signaling, primary and secondary metabolism. Induction by real herbivore damage was considerably stronger and modified the expression of more genes than mechanical damage. Feeding by the corn rootworm had a strong impact on the shoot transcriptome, including the activation of genes involved in defense and development. By contrast, feeding by the fall armyworm induced only few transcriptional changes in the roots. In conclusion, feeding by a leaf chewer and a root feeder differentially affects the local and systemic defense of maize plants. Besides revealing clear differences in how maize plants respond to feeding by these specialized herbivores, this study reveals several novel genes that may play key roles in plant-insect interactions and thus sets the stage for in depth research into the mechanism that can be exploited for improved crop protection. Significance statement Extensive transcriptomic analyses revealed a clear distinction between the gene expression profiles in maize plants upon shoot and root attack, locally as well as distantly from the attacked tissue. This provides detailed insights into the specificity of orchestrated plant defense responses, and the dataset offers a molecular resource for further genetic studies on maize resistance to herbivores and paves the way for novel strategies to enhance maize resistance to pests

Intraspecific chemical diversity among neighbouring plants correlates positively with plant size and herbivore load but negatively with herbivore damage

Intraspecific plant diversity can modify the properties of associated arthropod communities and plant fitness. However, it is not well understood which plant traits determine these ecological effects. We explored the effect of intraspecific chemical diversity among neighbouring plants on the associated invertebrate community and plant traits. In a common garden experiment, intraspecific diversity among neighbouring plants was manipulated using three plant populations of wild cabbage that differ in foliar glucosinolates. Plants were larger, harboured more herbivores, but were less damaged when plant diversity was increased. Glucosinolate concentration differentially correlated with generalist and specialist herbivore abundance. Glucosinolate composition correlated with plant damage, while in polycultures, variation in glucosinolate concentrations among neighbouring plants correlated positively with herbivore diversity and negatively with plant damage levels. The results suggest that intraspecific variation in secondary chemistry among neighbouring plants is important in determining the structure of the associated insect community and positively affects plant performance.CBS was supported by scholarships from CONACYT and The Australian National University. MR was supported by the Max Planck Societ

A phylogenomic approach reveals a low somatic mutation rate in a long-lived plant.

Somatic mutations can have important effects on the life history, ecology, and evolution of plants, but the rate at which they accumulate is poorly understood and difficult to measure directly. Here, we develop a method to measure somatic mutations in individual plants and use it to estimate the somatic mutation rate in a large, long-lived, phenotypically mosaic Eucalyptus melliodora tree. Despite being 100 times larger than Arabidopsis, this tree has a per-generation mutation rate only ten times greater, which suggests that this species may have evolved mechanisms to reduce the mutation rate per unit of growth. This adds to a growing body of evidence that illuminates the correlated evolutionary shifts in mutation rate and life history in plants

Correction to: Aphid and caterpillar feeding drive similar patterns of induced defences and resistance to subsequent herbivory in wild cotton

Correction to: Planta (2023) 258:113 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-023-04266-1Peer reviewe

Enfermedades crónicas

Adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico y relación con el control metabólico en pacientes con DM2Aluminio en pacientes con terapia de reemplazo renal crónico con hemodiálisis en Bogotá, ColombiaAmputación de extremidades inferiores: ¿están aumentando las tasas?Consumo de edulcorantes artificiales en jóvenes universitariosCómo crecen niños normales de 2 años que son sobrepeso a los 7 añosDiagnóstico con enfoque territorial de salud cardiovascular en la Región MetropolitanaEfecto a corto plazo de una intervención con ejercicio físico, en niños con sobrepesoEfectos de la cirugía bariátrica en pacientes con síndrome metabólico e IMC < 35 KG/M2Encuesta mundial de tabaquismo en estudiantes de profesiones de saludEnfermedades crónicas no transmisibles: Consecuencias sociales-sanitarias de comunidades rurales en ChileEpidemiología de las muertes hospitalarias por patologías relacionadas a muerte encefálica, Chile 2003-2007Estado nutricional y conductas alimentarias en adolescentes de 4º medio de la Región de CoquimboEstudio de calidad de vida en una muestra del plan piloto para hepatitis CEvaluación del proceso asistencial y de resultados de salud del GES de diabetes mellitus 2Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población universitaria de la Facsal, universidad de TarapacáImplicancias psicosociales en la génesis, evolución y tratamiento de pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencialInfarto agudo al miocardio (IAM): Realidad en el Hospital de Puerto Natales, 2009-2010Introducción de nuevas TIC y mejoría de la asistencia a un programa de saludNiños obesos atendidos en el Cesfam de Puerto Natales y su entorno familiarPerfil de la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino en Río de JaneiroPerfil del paciente primo-consultante del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular, Consultorio Cordillera Andina, Los AndesPrevalencia de automedicación en mujeres beneficiarias del Hospital Comunitario de Til-TiPrevalencia de caries en población preescolar y su relación con malnutrición por excesoPrevalencia de retinopatía diabética en comunas dependientes del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (SSMOC)Problemas de adherencia farmacológica antihipertensiva en población mapuche: Un estudio cualitativoRol biológico de los antioxidantes innatos en pacientes portadores de VIH/SidaSobrepeso en empleados de un restaurante de una universidad pública del estado de São Paul

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Procesos de aplicación conceptual y práctico de la normatividad tributaria en contextos investigativos procedimentales tributarios para el fortalecimiento de las competencias disciplinares y profesionales

La presente investigación planteó como objetivo realizar las memorias con las temáticas investigativas que se desarrollaron en el Seminario de Investigación Aplicada, con el fin de actualizar en los participantes y fortalecer sus conocimientos específicos en materia tributaria con base en los temas investigativos dispuestos y orientados por cada docente desde su inicio, elaboración, construcción y presentación ante los docentes evaluadores. Los trabajos cumplen su fin primordial con es fortalecer con los desarrollos temático de cada módulo visto en el SIA sus capacidades y competencias profesionales especialmente en el contexto tributario, en cumplimiento al requerimiento para otorgar al título de Especialistas en Gerencia Tributaria. Luego las memorias compiladas son el resultado de los trabajos presentados y evaluados oportunamente por cada docente comprometido con la calidad en cuanto a las temáticas investigativas, calidad de los contenidos, talleres teóricos prácticos, elementos metodológicos y de más lineamentos institucionales y del programa. La importancia de las memorias radica en su contenido el cual desglosa definiciones, conceptos, desarrollos teóricos prácticos, constituyéndose en un ejemplar de consulta investigativa en áreas de conocimiento fiscal y tributario en el marco de la Ley 1819 de 2016 y sus decretos reglamentarios, en síntesis al interior encontraremos fundamentos teóricos prácticos, procedimentales y resolutivos de casos especiales de Gravamen a los Movimientos Financieros, Monotributo, Renta Personas Naturales, Renta Personas Jurídicas, Procedimiento Tributario, Impuestos Distritales, Normas internacionales de Información Financiera Pymes, entre otros temas

Intraspecific variation in plant chemistry and implications for ecological interactions

Plants produce a wide range of secondary metabolites (PSMs) that are involved in defence against herbivores and other natural enemies as well as influencing with higher trophic levels. Variation of PSMs within species can be both quantitative and qualitative. In this research thesis I focused on intraspecific qualitative variation in PSMs and its consequences on ecological interactions, particularly between plants and herbivores. I used a range of experimental approaches and three different plant species to answer fundamental questions about how plant intraspecific variation in chemistry arises and its effects on herbivores and pathogens, at different scales. First, I explored how chemical polymorphisms or chemotypes in terpene composition of Australian tea tree Melaleuca alternifolia affect specialist herbivores. Although there was little evidence of effects on herbivore performance, the leaf beetle Faex sp. preferred to lay eggs on some chemotypes depending on the larval diet. Similarly, the severity of infection of the pathogen myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii) depended on the chemotype. I then showed that feeding by herbivores increases the volatile emissions from M. alternifolia and changes terpene composition. However, I found no evidence that these emissions affected the behaviour of specialized beetles or their fly parasitoid. Following this, I studied how the expression of terpene synthase genes and genome-wide differential expression of terpene pathway genes varies amongst chemotypes of M. alternifolia. I also used plants of the wild cabbage Brassica oleracea to test whether spatial variation in a different group of PSMs (glucosinolates) among neighbouring plants affected the properties of the herbivore community and the individual traits of the plants. I discovered that a higher diversity in glucosinolates among neighbouring plants correlated with higher herbivore abundance and diversity. It also led to increased plant size and reduced damage by herbivores, probably due to the effects of herbivore interference competition. Lastly, I described the terpene variation in the widest distributed eucalypt species Eucalyptus camaldulensis across the Australian continent and showed that increases in CO2 concentration can reduce the concentration of terpenes. In general, I found that the effects of plant chemical variation depend on the plant system. I showed that terpene chemotypes in M. alternifolia originate through differences in expression of terpene synthase genes. Although variation amongst the terpene chemotypes of M. alternifolia has few effects on natural enemies, it might be more important for interactions with invasive pathogens like the myrtle rust. Intraspecific chemical variation can have spatial effects that scale up to the community level and benefit whole plant populations as demonstrated with the B. oleracea experiments. In addition, changes in CO2 can influence the expression of terpenes in a widely distributed species such as E. camaldulensis which may have potential effects on ecological interactions under global climate change. With this body of work I explored the importance of intraspecific variation in PSM in an ecological context from different perspectives and in different biological systems. Each set of experiments opened new questions but contribute to increasing our understanding of the origins and effects of intraspecific variation in PSMs

Foliar Terpene Chemotypes and Herbivory Determine Variation in Plant Volatile Emissions

Plants that synthesize and store terpenes in specialized cells accumulate large concentrations of these compounds while avoiding autotoxicity. Stored terpenes may influence the quantity and profile of volatile compounds that are emitted into the environment and the subsequent role of those volatiles in mediating the activity of herbivores. The Australian medicinal tea tree, Melaleuca alternifolia, occurs as several distinct terpene chemotypes. We studied the profile of its terpene emissions to understand how variations in stored foliar terpenes influenced emissions, both constitutive and when damaged either by herbivores or mechanically. We found that foliar chemistry influenced differences in the composition of terpene emissions, but those emissions were minimal in intact plants. When plants were damaged by herbivores or mechanically, the emissions were greatly increased and the composition corresponded to the constitutive terpenes and the volatility of each compound, suggesting the main origin of emissions is the stored terpenes and not de novo biosynthesized volatiles. However, herbivores modified the composition of the volatile emissions in only one chemotype, probably due to the oxidative metabolism of 1,8-cineole by the beetles. We also tested whether the foliar terpene blend acted as an attractant for the specialized leaf beetles Paropsisterna tigrina and Faex sp. and a parasitoid fly, Anagonia zentae. None of these species responded to extracts of young leaves in an olfactometer, so we found no evidence that these species use plant odor cues for host location in laboratory conditions.This study was funded by grants from the Australian Research Council Discovery Programme (DP140101755) to WJF