Microfiltración cervical en restauraciones de resina compuesta Clase II adheridas con técnica de grabado total y de “sándwich”

50 p.Introducción: Las resinas compuestas en la actualidad generan una gran demanda por sus excelentes resultados estéticos, variadas indicaciones clínicas y buenas propiedades mecánicas, no obstante aún persiste el fracaso por la microfiltración marginal. Sumado a lo anterior, existen restauraciones que se extienden a dentina cervical, en donde los resultados a nivel de adhesión son menores. En respuesta a lo anterior es que se han propuesto medidas para reducir la microfiltración a este nivel como la técnica de “sándwich”, la cual pretende disminuir el volumen de resina compuesta en la restauración y mejorar la adhesión a nivel de dentina cervical.Objetivo: Comparar la microfiltración marginal, en dentina cervical, entre restauraciones Clase II de resina compuesta adheridas con adhesivos de grabado total y restauraciones con técnica de “sándwich”.Materiales y métodos: Para este estudio in vitro se utilizaron 27 premolares y 6 molares sanos, los cuales fueron preparados con cavidades Clase II con cajón proximal apical al LAC, y luego divididos aleatoriamente en tres grupos. El Grupo A fue restaurado con resina compuesta utilizando adhesivo de grabado total y los Grupos B y C fueron restaurados con la misma resina compuesta, pero utilizando la técnica de “sándwich” con vidrio ionómero híbrido. Los grupos fueron sometidos a 250 ciclos de cargas oclusales, 250 ciclos térmicos y sumergidos en azul de metileno (0,2%) por 48 horas. Posteriormente, fueron hemiseccionados y analizados al microscopio (40x) asignando valores de microfiltración de 0 a 4. Resultados: Se aplicó la prueba estadística Kruskal Wallis, observándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas para los niveles de microfiltración marginal entre los tres grupos (p<0,0001). Las pruebas de U de Mann-Whitney demostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los Grupos A y B (p=0,0005), A y C (p<0,0001) y B y C (p = 0,0079). El Grupo A fue el que presentó mayores niveles de microfiltración marginal. Conclusiones: Al analizar el grado de microfiltración marginal cervical obtenido entre las técnicas de grabado total y de “sándwich” se puede concluir que la segunda técnica presenta valores de microfiltración marginal significativamente menores que la primera. Palabras clave: Microfiltración marginal, resina compuesta, vidrio ionómero, técnica de “sándwich” y técnica de grabado total

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Infectología Clínica

Infections are one of the main reasons for consultation in daily practice, as well as being the cause of multiple hospital admissions. The world faces a serious crisis with antimicrobial resistance; During the last decade, the creation of new antibiotics has been elusive against multiresistant pathogens, so the mortality rate has increased due to this situation.Health not only faces this problem with antimicrobials, it also suffers from antivirals, especially with patients with HIV, the various mutations at the viral level condition the therapeutic response.The facts mentioned in therapeutics have suggested the creation of new approaches to solve them and these are phage therapy and nanotechnology, alternatives not only used for autoimmune or cancer diseases, their clinical use against persistent infections and against multi-resistant strains.The early recognition of sepsis becomes one of the main objectives when caring for a patient; the establishment of early treatment represents the opportunity to obtain a higher survival rate.Las infecciones constituyen uno de los principales motivos de consulta en la práctica diaria, además de ser la causa de múltiples ingresos a nivel hospitalario. El mundo enfrenta una grave crisis con la resistencia antimicrobiana; durante la última década la creación de nuevos antibióticos ha sido esquivo frente a patógenos multirresistentes, por lo que la tasa de mortalidad aumento por esta situación. La salud no solo enfrenta este problema con los antimicrobianos también lo sufre con los antivirales en especial con los pacientes con VIH, las diversas mutaciones a nivel viral condicionan la respuesta terapéutica. Los hechos mencionados en la terapéutica han sugerido la creación de nuevos abordajes para resolverlos y estos son la fagoterapía y la nanotecnología, alternativas no solo utilizadas para enfermedades autoinmunes o cancerígenas, su uso clínico frente a infecciones persistentes y contra cepas multirresistentes. El reconocimiento temprano de la sepsis se convierte en uno de los principales objetivos en el momento de la atención de un paciente, la instauración del tratamiento temprano representa la oportunidad para obtener una mayor tasa de supervivencia

Infectología Clínica

Infections are one of the main reasons for consultation in daily practice, as well as being the cause of multiple hospital admissions. The world faces a serious crisis with antimicrobial resistance; During the last decade, the creation of new antibiotics has been elusive against multiresistant pathogens, so the mortality rate has increased due to this situation.Health not only faces this problem with antimicrobials, it also suffers from antivirals, especially with patients with HIV, the various mutations at the viral level condition the therapeutic response.The facts mentioned in therapeutics have suggested the creation of new approaches to solve them and these are phage therapy and nanotechnology, alternatives not only used for autoimmune or cancer diseases, their clinical use against persistent infections and against multi-resistant strains.The early recognition of sepsis becomes one of the main objectives when caring for a patient; the establishment of early treatment represents the opportunity to obtain a higher survival rate.Las infecciones constituyen uno de los principales motivos de consulta en la práctica diaria, además de ser la causa de múltiples ingresos a nivel hospitalario. El mundo enfrenta una grave crisis con la resistencia antimicrobiana; durante la última década la creación de nuevos antibióticos ha sido esquivo frente a patógenos multirresistentes, por lo que la tasa de mortalidad aumento por esta situación. La salud no solo enfrenta este problema con los antimicrobianos también lo sufre con los antivirales en especial con los pacientes con VIH, las diversas mutaciones a nivel viral condicionan la respuesta terapéutica. Los hechos mencionados en la terapéutica han sugerido la creación de nuevos abordajes para resolverlos y estos son la fagoterapía y la nanotecnología, alternativas no solo utilizadas para enfermedades autoinmunes o cancerígenas, su uso clínico frente a infecciones persistentes y contra cepas multirresistentes. El reconocimiento temprano de la sepsis se convierte en uno de los principales objetivos en el momento de la atención de un paciente, la instauración del tratamiento temprano representa la oportunidad para obtener una mayor tasa de supervivencia

Infectología Clínica

Infections are one of the main reasons for consultation in daily practice, as well as being the cause of multiple hospital admissions. The world faces a serious crisis with antimicrobial resistance; During the last decade, the creation of new antibiotics has been elusive against multiresistant pathogens, so the mortality rate has increased due to this situation.Health not only faces this problem with antimicrobials, it also suffers from antivirals, especially with patients with HIV, the various mutations at the viral level condition the therapeutic response.The facts mentioned in therapeutics have suggested the creation of new approaches to solve them and these are phage therapy and nanotechnology, alternatives not only used for autoimmune or cancer diseases, their clinical use against persistent infections and against multi-resistant strains.The early recognition of sepsis becomes one of the main objectives when caring for a patient; the establishment of early treatment represents the opportunity to obtain a higher survival rate.Las infecciones constituyen uno de los principales motivos de consulta en la práctica diaria, además de ser la causa de múltiples ingresos a nivel hospitalario. El mundo enfrenta una grave crisis con la resistencia antimicrobiana; durante la última década la creación de nuevos antibióticos ha sido esquivo frente a patógenos multirresistentes, por lo que la tasa de mortalidad aumento por esta situación. La salud no solo enfrenta este problema con los antimicrobianos también lo sufre con los antivirales en especial con los pacientes con VIH, las diversas mutaciones a nivel viral condicionan la respuesta terapéutica. Los hechos mencionados en la terapéutica han sugerido la creación de nuevos abordajes para resolverlos y estos son la fagoterapía y la nanotecnología, alternativas no solo utilizadas para enfermedades autoinmunes o cancerígenas, su uso clínico frente a infecciones persistentes y contra cepas multirresistentes. El reconocimiento temprano de la sepsis se convierte en uno de los principales objetivos en el momento de la atención de un paciente, la instauración del tratamiento temprano representa la oportunidad para obtener una mayor tasa de supervivencia

Infectología Clínica

Infections are one of the main reasons for consultation in daily practice, as well as being the cause of multiple hospital admissions. The world faces a serious crisis with antimicrobial resistance; During the last decade, the creation of new antibiotics has been elusive against multiresistant pathogens, so the mortality rate has increased due to this situation.Health not only faces this problem with antimicrobials, it also suffers from antivirals, especially with patients with HIV, the various mutations at the viral level condition the therapeutic response.The facts mentioned in therapeutics have suggested the creation of new approaches to solve them and these are phage therapy and nanotechnology, alternatives not only used for autoimmune or cancer diseases, their clinical use against persistent infections and against multi-resistant strains.The early recognition of sepsis becomes one of the main objectives when caring for a patient; the establishment of early treatment represents the opportunity to obtain a higher survival rate.Las infecciones constituyen uno de los principales motivos de consulta en la práctica diaria, además de ser la causa de múltiples ingresos a nivel hospitalario. El mundo enfrenta una grave crisis con la resistencia antimicrobiana; durante la última década la creación de nuevos antibióticos ha sido esquivo frente a patógenos multirresistentes, por lo que la tasa de mortalidad aumento por esta situación. La salud no solo enfrenta este problema con los antimicrobianos también lo sufre con los antivirales en especial con los pacientes con VIH, las diversas mutaciones a nivel viral condicionan la respuesta terapéutica. Los hechos mencionados en la terapéutica han sugerido la creación de nuevos abordajes para resolverlos y estos son la fagoterapía y la nanotecnología, alternativas no solo utilizadas para enfermedades autoinmunes o cancerígenas, su uso clínico frente a infecciones persistentes y contra cepas multirresistentes. El reconocimiento temprano de la sepsis se convierte en uno de los principales objetivos en el momento de la atención de un paciente, la instauración del tratamiento temprano representa la oportunidad para obtener una mayor tasa de supervivencia

Infectología Clínica

Infections are one of the main reasons for consultation in daily practice, as well as being the cause of multiple hospital admissions. The world faces a serious crisis with antimicrobial resistance; During the last decade, the creation of new antibiotics has been elusive against multiresistant pathogens, so the mortality rate has increased due to this situation.Health not only faces this problem with antimicrobials, it also suffers from antivirals, especially with patients with HIV, the various mutations at the viral level condition the therapeutic response.The facts mentioned in therapeutics have suggested the creation of new approaches to solve them and these are phage therapy and nanotechnology, alternatives not only used for autoimmune or cancer diseases, their clinical use against persistent infections and against multi-resistant strains.The early recognition of sepsis becomes one of the main objectives when caring for a patient; the establishment of early treatment represents the opportunity to obtain a higher survival rate.Las infecciones constituyen uno de los principales motivos de consulta en la práctica diaria, además de ser la causa de múltiples ingresos a nivel hospitalario. El mundo enfrenta una grave crisis con la resistencia antimicrobiana; durante la última década la creación de nuevos antibióticos ha sido esquivo frente a patógenos multirresistentes, por lo que la tasa de mortalidad aumento por esta situación. La salud no solo enfrenta este problema con los antimicrobianos también lo sufre con los antivirales en especial con los pacientes con VIH, las diversas mutaciones a nivel viral condicionan la respuesta terapéutica. Los hechos mencionados en la terapéutica han sugerido la creación de nuevos abordajes para resolverlos y estos son la fagoterapía y la nanotecnología, alternativas no solo utilizadas para enfermedades autoinmunes o cancerígenas, su uso clínico frente a infecciones persistentes y contra cepas multirresistentes. El reconocimiento temprano de la sepsis se convierte en uno de los principales objetivos en el momento de la atención de un paciente, la instauración del tratamiento temprano representa la oportunidad para obtener una mayor tasa de supervivencia