A retrospective comparison of cost and efficiency of the medial double and dual incision triple arthrodeses.

While the medial double arthrodesis has gained significant popularity for hindfoot arthrodesis in recent years, much has been touted about the efficiency and cost savings of the procedure in comparison to its triple counterpart without any literature to reinforce this claim. The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the hardware costs and operative time between the medial double and triple arthrodeses. A total of 276 patients (277 feet) were identified via CPT codes with 47 hindfoot cases (47 feet) meeting the inclusion criteria consisting of 21 medial double (6 males, 15 females) and 26 triple (8 males, 18 females) arthrodeses. No significant difference was noted in age, body mass index, gender, chronic steroid use, preoperative osteopenia/osteoporosis, tobacco abuse, surgical side, presence of diabetes, immune compromised state, kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or liver disease. Mean medial double operative (OR) time 106 ± 31 minutes (range = 73-201 minutes) with a procedure time of 84 ± 29 minutes (range = 44-163 minutes) was identified versus an OR time of 127 ± 23 minutes (range = 91-200 minutes) and procedure time of 104 ± 23 minutes (range = 50-169 minutes) for the triple arthrodesis group. The mean fixation cost for the triple arthrodesis was found to be higher with the mean triple hardware cost $2932.75 ±$736.60 (range = $1434.00 to$3980.00) against the medial double\u27s $1197.59 ±$635.57 (range = $463.20 to$2019.00). Both efficiency and cost were found to favor the medial double for hindfoot arthrodesis at a level of statistical significance level (P = .0028 for OR time, P = .0033 for procedure time, and P \u3c .0001 for cost)

Soft tissue reconstruction and osteotomies for pes planovalgus correction

The correction of the flexible pes planovalgus foot and ankle is a complicated and somewhat controversial topic. After conservative methods fail, there is a wide range of possible soft tissue and bony procedures. The appropriate work up and understanding of the pathomechanics are vital to the correct choice of procedures to correct these deformities. Once the work up and procedure selection are done, the operation must also be technically performed well and with efficiency, as most often the condition is corrected with a variety of procedures. This article discusses some of the most common procedures necessary to fully correct the pes planovalgus foot and discusses the authors\u27 technique and pearls

Structures at Risk with Medial Double Hindfoot Fusion: A Cadaveric Study

Although discussed as an alternative to triple arthrodesis for hindfoot correction, the published data surrounding the medial double arthrodesis, or fusion of the subtalar and talonavicular joints, has not addressed the proximity of the anatomic structures at risk. A total of 10 cadaver specimens were used to examine the risk of damage to the neurovascular and tendinous structures of the posterior medial hindfoot when performing the medial double arthrodesis. The distance of the reviewed structures was measured in relation to the standardized point of the middle facet of the calcaneus (mean ± standard deviation and range). The proximity of the middle facet to the posterior tibial tendon was 1.88 ± 2.65 (range 0 to 6.65) mm, to the flexor digitorum longus tendon was 5.34 ± 4.79 (range -3.14 to 12.79) mm, to the flexor hallucis longus tendon was 19.08 ± 4.84 (range 13.04 to 27.31) mm, and to the neurovascular bundle was 21.19 ± 7.84 (range 8.36 to 34.26) mm. At the level of the middle facet, the posterior tibial tendon was the largest tendon, measuring 7.14 ± 2.21 (range 3.31 to 10.23) mm by 2.95 ± 0.88 mm (range 1.86 to 4.24 mm; area 22.37 ± 12.23 mm(2), range 6.16 to 43.38 mm) followed by the flexor digitorum longus tendon at 4.25 ± 1.25 (range 1.74 to 5.95) mm by 2.25 ± 0.96 mm (range 1.41 to 4.79 mm; area 8.88 ± 2.62 mm(2), range 6.12 to 14.52 mm) and flexor hallucis longus tendon at 5.75 ± 2.05 (range 2.27 to 8.91) mm by 2.75 ± 0.82 mm (range 1.35 to 4.13 mm; area 16.81 ± 10.05 mm(2), range 4.81 to 36.80 mm). During dissection for the medial double arthrodesis, one can encounter critical anatomic structures, including artery, vein, nerve, and tendon. Our cadaveric investigation found a mean safe distance of more than 2 cm between the middle facet of the talocalcaneal articulation and the inferiorly located neurovascular bundle using the medial double arthrodesis approach

Ankle Valgus after Hindfoot Arthrodesis: A Radiographic and Chart Comparison of the Medial Double and Triple Arthrodeses

The medial double arthrodesis, comprised of subtalar and talonavicular joint fusions, has become a popular way to correct hindfoot deformity. There is potential concern for an increase in ankle valgus postoperatively owing to extended medial dissection and possible disruption of the deltoid ligament. Although this approach is often used to correct a valgus hindfoot, little attention has been paid to date on this procedure\u27s effect on the tibiotalar joint. Although the medial double arthrodesis has been shown to produce reproducible outcomes without violating the lateral hindfoot structures, our hypothesis was that this approach would increase the ankle valgus deformity compared with its triple counterpart. The primary goal of the present retrospective study was to identify the frequency and severity of ankle valgus after the medial double arthrodesis compared with the triple arthrodesis. A total of 77 patients (78 feet) met our inclusion criteria. Their mean age was 61.3 ± 10.7 (range 27 to 79) years, and the follow-up period was 15.7 ± 9.9 (range 6 to 46) months. There were 16 and 61 patients (62 feet) in the medial double and triple arthrodesis groups, respectively. Overall, the preoperative ankle valgus was 1.24° ± 2.02° (range 0° to 6°), and there was no statistical difference of preoperative ankle valgus noted between groups (p = .060). Collectively, postoperative ankle valgus was 3.01° ± 3.54° (0° to 17°) with an increase in ankle valgus in 4 of 16 medial double and 34 of 62 triple arthrodesis patients. With a mean follow-up of 8.75 ± 4.02 (6 to 21) months, the medial double arthrodesis cohort\u27s ankle valgus increased from 0.5° ± 1.55° (0° to 6°) to 1.5° ± 3.14° (1° to 10°) postoperatively. The triple arthrodesis group had a mean follow-up 17.53 ± 10.17 (6 to 46) months and ankle valgus increased from 1.44° ± 2.09° (0 to 6°) to 3.40° ± 3.56° (0° to 17°). Postoperative ankle valgus was statistically significant between groups (U = 303.50, p = .013). The odds of having an increase in the valgus ankle angle for patients in the triple group was 3.64 times that for patients in the double group, while holding all other variables in the model constant