68 research outputs found
PREVALENCE OF ANGULAR LEAF SPOT DISEASE AND SOURCES OF RESISTANCE IN COMMON BEAN IN EASTERN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Angular leaf spot ( Pseudocercospora griseola Crous U, Brown) is one
of the most important diseases hindering common bean ( Phaseolus
vulgaris L.) production in the Great Lakes Region of Africa,
including the Democratic Republic of Congo. The disease causes extreme
yield losses, estimated at 384.2 tonnes per year, in Sub-Saharan
Africa. Little is known about the distribution, severity and incidence
of the disease and the effect of agronomic practices and environmental
factors on the disease prevalence in the country to facilitate
interventions. A field survey was conducted during two crop seasons,
February to June and September to January, in two main beans growing
zones of eastern DRC namely; sub-humid highland and sub-humid mid
altitude at low latitudes, in South and North Kivu, respectively.
Severity and incidence of angular leaf-spot and other occurring
diseases were assessed on common bean plants in farmers\u2019 fields.
Angular leaf spot in these fields had an average severity index (PSI)
of 49.9%. PSI was significantly different (P<0.05) between districts
and seasons. Using multiple regression analysis, independent variables:
growth stage, cropping system, districts and altitude were shown to
have significant influence on the observed PSI (P<0.05) with R2 =
96.2%. The highest severity (PSI=59.7%) was observed in Kabare
district, and the lowest in Uvira district (PSI=39.5%). Screening of a
set of 37 released common bean varieties in DRC using virulent Andean
and Mesoamerican isolates identified four resistant bean varieties; ARA
4, COD MLV 059, MLV 224/94B, LSA 144 and Mexico 54. Some of these
varieties possess useful traits, in addition to acceptable seed market
class, and are hence recommended as suitable parents for ALS resistant
variety development and promotion in ALS prone environments.La tache angulaire ( Pseudocercospora griseola Crous U, Brown) est
l\u2019une des maladies les plus importantes qui entravent la
production de haricot commun ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) dans la
r\ue9gion des Grands Lacs d\u2019Afrique, y compris la
R\ue9publique D\ue9mocratique du Congo. La maladie provoque des
pertes de rendement extr\ueames, estim\ue9es \ue0 384.2 tonnes
par an en Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Ily a encore peu de connaissance sur
la distribution, la gravit\ue9 et l\u2019incidence de la maladie et
l\u2019effet des pratiques agronomiques et des facteurs environnement
aux sur la pr\ue9valence de la maladie dans le pays pour faciliter
les interventions. Une enqu\ueatesur le terrain a
\ue9t\ue9men\ue9e pendant deux saisons de r\ue9colte, de
F\ue9vrier \ue0 Juin et de Septembre \ue0 janvier, dans deux
zones principals de culture de haricots de l\u2019est de la RDC,
\ue0 savoir: Sous-humides de haute altitude et sous-humides \ue0
basse altitude, au Sud et au Nord-Kivu. La gravit\ue9 et
l\u2019incidence de la tache angulaire des feuilles et d\u2019autres
maladies ont \ue9t\ue9 \ue9valu\ue9es sur les plants de
haricots dans les champs des agriculteurs. Ces champs \ue9taient
infest\ue9s par la maladie, avec unindice de gravit\ue9 moyen (IPS)
de 49.9%. PSI \ue9tait significativement diff\ue9rent (P <0.05)
entre districts et saisons. En utilisant l\u2019analyse de
r\ue9gression multiple, les variables ind\ue9pendantes: stade de
croissance, syst\ue8me de culture, districts et altitude ont
montr\ue9 une influence significative sur le PSI observ\ue9 (P
<0.05) avec R2 = 96.2%. La s\ue9v\ue9rit\ue9 plus
\ue9lev\ue9e (PSI = 59.7%) a \ue9t\ue9 observ\ue9e dans le
district de Kabare et la plus faible dans le district d\u2019Uvira
(PSI = 39,5%). La s\ue9lection d\u2019un lot de 37
vari\ue9t\ue9s de haricot distribu\ue9es en RDC utilisant des
isolats virulents Andins et M\ue9soam\ue9ricains a permis
d\u2019identifier quatre vari\ue9t\ue9s de haricots
r\ue9sistants; ARA 4, COD MLV 059, MLV 224 / 94B, LSA 144 et Mexique
54. Certaines de ces vari\ue9t\ue9s pr\ue9sentent des traits
utiles en plus de son acceptabilit\ue9 sur lemarch\ue9 des
semences, et sont donc recommand\ue9s comme des parents
appropri\ue9s pour le d\ue9veloppement et la promotion des
vari\ue9t\ue9s r\ue9sistantes ALS
Pathogenic and molecular characterization of Pythium species inducing root rot symptoms of common bean in Rwanda
Distribution of common bacterial blight disease under different agroecologies in Uganda
Common bacterial blight disease (CBB) causes severe yield and seed
quality losses on common bean worldwide. Information about CBB
distribution is important in designing effective control strategies.
This disease has been managed using intergraded strategies, involving
use of certified seed produced in areas of low disease pressure.
Unfortunately, areas of low CBB pressure have not been mapped in
Uganda. This study was conducted to determine the distribution and
intensity of CBB in Uganda, in order to establish low pressure areas
for multiplication of clean certified seed. A survey was conducted in
farmers\u2019 fields in18 locations found in four rainfalls-based
agroecology in Uganda, for two seasons of 2016. The Victoria Cresent
and Mbale farmland had the highest disease intensity index (29%);
followed by Central woodland savannah (21%). The Northwest farm land
and South west grass farm lands had low CBB intensity index of 2.5 and
7.8%, respectively. Thus, The Northwest farm land (Arua, Amuru, Nwoya)
and South west grass farm lands (Rakai, Ntungamo Lwengo and
Bukomansimbi), are recommended for production of CBB free bean seeds.La maladie bact\ue9rienne commune (MBC) provoque de graves pertes de
rendement et de qualit\ue9 des semences de haricot commun dans le
monde entier. Les informations sur la distribution du MBC sont
importantes pour la conception de strat\ue9gies de contr\uf4le
efficaces. Cette maladie a \ue9t\ue9 g\ue9r\ue9e \ue0
l\u2019aide de strat\ue9gies intercal\ue9es, impliquant
l\u2019utilisation de semences certifi\ue9es produites dans des
zones de faible pression de la maladie. Malheureusement, les zones de
faible pression du CBB n\u2019ont pas \ue9t\ue9
cartographi\ue9es en Ouganda. Cette \ue9tude a \ue9t\ue9 faite
pour d\ue9terminer la distribution et l\u2019intensit\ue9 du CBB
en Ouganda, afin d\u2019\ue9tablir des zones de basse pression pour
la multiplication de semences certifies qui sont propres. Une
enqu\ueate a \ue9t\ue9 faite dans les champs d\u2019agriculteurs
dans 18 localit\ue9s situ\ue9es dans quatre agro\ue9cologies en
Ouganda bas\ue9es sur les pr\ue9cipitations, pendant les deux
saisons de 2016. Les terres agricoles de Victoria Cresent et de Mbale
pr\ue9sentaient l\u2019indice d\u2019intensit\ue9 de maladie le
plus \ue9lev\ue9 (29%); suivi de la savane bois\ue9e centrale
(21%). Les terres agricoles du nord-ouest et celles du sud-ouest
avaient un indice d\u2019intensit\ue9 de CBB faible de 2,5 et 7,8%,
respectivement. Ainsi, les terres agricoles du Nord-Ouest (Arua, Amuru,
Nwoya) et celles du Sud-Ouest (Rakai, Ntungamo Lwengo et Bukomansimbi)
sont recommand\ue9es pour la production de semences de haricot
exemptes de CBB
The effect of climbing bean adoption on the welfare of smallholder common bean growers in Rwanda
Development and delivery of bean varieties in Africa: The Pan- Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA) Model
Common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has evolved rapidly in Africa
and is steadily transforming from a traditional subsistence to a
market-oriented crop, with major impacts on household incomes, food and
nutritional security, and national economies. However, these benefits
are yet to be felt in many parts of the continent because of multiple
constraints that limit bean productivity. The Pan-Africa Bean Research
Alliance (PABRA) has been at the forefront of efforts to accelerate the
transition of beans from a subsistence crop to a modern commodity in
Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper presents a unique partnership model and
the breeding and seed delivery strategies used by PABRA to reach
millions of beneficiaries with improved bean varieties. The breeding
strategy involved the paradigm shift from a monolithic approach where
varieties were bred for yield or resistance to single environmental
stresses, to a grain type-led and market-driven approach. The PABRA
model comprises partnerships between and among Centro Internacional de
Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), National Agricultural Research Systems
(NARS), public and private sector actors along the varied bean product
value chains, and technology end-users. This model led to the release
of over 200 varieties during 2003-2011, including beans with resistance
to multiple constraints (biotic and abiotic), high iron and zinc
content, and those for specific niche markets. PABRA reached 7.5
million households with seed of improved bean varieties during 2003-
2008 and is expected to reach an additional 14 million by 2013. From
this undertaking, aspects that lend to policy recommendations to key
stakeholders in the common beans value chain include: facilitation of
access to credit; promotion of breeder and foundation seed production;
easing of restrictions on the release of varieties; facilitation of
collective marketing schemes; and deliberate policy frameworks to
encourage the use of complementary integrated crop management
practices.En Afrique, le haricot commun ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) a connu une
\ue9volution rapide se transformant d\u2019une culture de
subsistance traditionnelle en une marchandise commerciale avec des
impacts majeurs sur les revenus, la s\ue9curit\ue9 alimentaire et
nutritionnelle des m\ue9nages ainsi que sur l\u2019\ue9conomie
nationale. Toutefois, ces avantages ne sont pas tellement per\ue7us
dans nombreuses r\ue9gions du continent en raison de multiples
contraintes (biotiques et abiotiques) qui limitent la rentabilit\ue9
et la commercialisation du haricot. L\u2019Alliance Panafricaine de
Recherche sur l\u2019Haricot (PABRA - Pan Africa Bean Research
Alliance) est \ue0 l\u2019avant-garde des efforts visant
acc\ue9l\ue9rer cette transition du haricot en Afrique
sub-saharienne. Cet article pr\ue9sente un mod\ue8le de partenariat
unique, et les strat\ue9gies de s\ue9lection et vulgarisation des
vari\ue9t\ue9s utilis\ue9es par PABRA pour faciliter
l\u2019acc\ue8s des millions de b\ue9n\ue9ficiaires aux
vari\ue9t\ue9s am\ue9lior\ue9es du haricot. La strat\ue9gie
de s\ue9lection exigeait le changement d\u2019une approche
monolithique o\uf9 les vari\ue9t\ue9s \ue9taient
s\ue9lectionn\ue9es pour leur rendement ou leur r\ue9sistance aux
stress environnementaux simples, \ue0 une approche bas\ue9e sur le
type de grain et ax\ue9e sur le march\ue9. Le mod\ue8le de PABRA
comprend les partenariats entre et parmi le Centre International
d\u2019Agriculture Tropical(CIAT), les syst\ue8mes nationaux de
recherche agricole (NARS), les acteurs publics et priv\ue9s le long
des diff\ue9rentes cha\ueenes de valeur du haricot, et les
utilisateurs de nouvelles technologies. Ce mod\ue8le a conduit \ue0
l\u2019enregistrement de plus de 200 vari\ue9t\ue9s durant la
p\ue9riode 2003-2011, y compris les haricots avec r\ue9sistance
\ue0 multiples contraintes (biotiques et abiotiques), un contenu
\ue9lev\ue9 de fer (Fe) et du zinc (Zn), et ceux pour les
march\ue9s de niches sp\ue9cifiques. PABRA a atteint 7,5 millions
de m\ue9nages facilitant leur acc\ue8s aux semences de
vari\ue9t\ue9s am\ue9lior\ue9es de haricots durant la
p\ue9riode 2003 2008 et devrait atteindre quelque 14 millions de
personnes suppl\ue9mentaires d\u2019ici 2013. Les recommandations
aux d\ue9cideurs politiques qui visent \ue0 renforcer le
d\ue9veloppement et la vulgarisation des vari\ue9t\ue9s
am\ue9lior\ue9es du haricot comprennent: la facilitation de
l\u2019acc\ue8s au cr\ue9dit; promotion de la production de
semences de base et pr\ue9-base; assouplissement des restrictions sur
la diffusion des vari\ue9t\ue9s; facilitation des r\ue9gimes de
commercialisation collective; et des cadres de politique visant \ue0
encourager la gestion int\ue9gr\ue9e des cultures chez les
cultivateurs de haricot
Multiple disease resistance in snap bean genotypes in Kenya
Snap bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important export vegetable
crop, produced mainly by small to medium scale farmers under various
disease constraints. Disease resistant varieties can reduce reliance on
fungicides, and enhance the capacities of smallholder farmers to meet
the stringent European export requirements for allowable fungicide
residues. This study was carried out to identify snap bean lines with
multiple disease resistance to angular leaf spot ( Phaeoisareopsis
griseola ), anthracnose ( Collectotrichum lindemuthianum ) and rust (
Uromyces appendiculatus ). Seven groups of snap bean populations of
different generations, and 45 bush snap bean lines, including local
checks, were evaluated for resistance to the three diseases at two
locations in Kenya. The disease with the highest severity was rust,
followed by angular leaf spot. Among the advanced lines, two bush lines
(KSB 10 W and KSB 10 BR), and one climbing line (HAV 130) had
consistent multiple resistance to angular leaf spot, anthracnose and
rust at both locations. Nine lines and 674 single plants were selected
from populations showing multiple disease resistance. Resistance in
selected lines reduced angular leaf spot, anthracnose and rust severity
by 17, 16 and 36%, respectively. The multiple disease resistant lines
were not the highest yielders but had the highest number of pods per
plant. Climbing snap bean lines had thick pods that could reduce pod
quality.Le haricot vert ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) est une importante
l\ue9gume d\u2019exportation, produite principalement par de petits
fermiers sous diff\ue9rentes contraintes de maladies. Des
vari\ue9t\ue9s r\ue9sistantes aux maladies peuvent r\ue9duire
l\u2019utilisation de fongicides, et promouvoir la capacit\ue9 des
petits fermiers \ue0 satisfaire les exigencies rigoureuses des
exportations europ\ue9ennes en r\ue9sidus acceptables de
fongicides. Cette \ue9tude \ue9tait m\ue9n\ue9e afin
d\u2019identifier des lign\ue9es de haricots verts avec multiple
r\ue9sistance \ue0 la t\ue2che angulaire des feuilles (
Phaeoisareopsis griseola ), \ue0 l\u2019anthracnose (
Collectotrichum lindemuthianum ) et \ue0 la rouille ( Uromyces
appendiculatus ). Sept groupes de populations de diff\ue9rentes
g\ue9n\ue9rations, et 45 lign\ue9es de haricots verts nains
incluant les t\ue9moins locaux, \ue9taient \ue9valu\ue9s pour
r\ue9sistance aux trois maladies dans deux localisations au Kenya. La
maladie avec une s\ue9v\ue9rit\ue9 la plus \ue9lev\ue9e
\ue9tait la roulle, suivie par la t\ue2che angulaire des feuilles.
Parmi les lign\ue9es avanc\ue9es, deux lign\ue9es naines (KSB 10
W et KSB 10 BR), et une volubile (HAV 130) avaient une resistance
multiple consistante \ue0 la t\ue2che angulaire des feuilles,
\ue0 l\u2019anthracnose et \ue0 la rouille dans toutes les deux
localisations. Neuf lign\ue9es et 674 plantes simples
s\ue9lectionnn\ue9es des populations avaient montr\ue9 une
r\ue9sistance multiple aux maladies. La r\ue9sistance dans les
lign\ue9es s\ue9lectionn\ue9es avaient r\ue9duit la
s\ue9verit\ue9 de la t\ue2che angulaire des feuilles, de
l\u2019anthracnose et de la rouille de 17, 16 et 36%, respectivement.
Les lign\ue9es de r\ue9sistance multiple n\u2019avaient pas des
rendements plus \ue9lev\ue9s mais avaient un nombre plus
\ue9lev\ue9 de gousses par plante. Les lign\ue9es de haricots
verts volubiles avaient des gousses \ue9paisses susceptibles \ue0
r\ue9duire la qualit\ue9 de gousses
PABRA means partnership: Transforming agriculture in Africa together
For two decades, the Pan-Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA), a partnership developed and facilitated by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) – a CGIAR Research Center – has fostered a pan-African research and development partnership to strengthen the common bean value chain. Common beans are important food legumes and contribute to the food and nutrition security, income generation and enhances production systems in over 32 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
To achieve food and nutrition security, Africa must participate, promote regional, continental, and global markets, and strengthen key value chains. Our policies need to be deliberately tailored, made conducive and supportive so as to take advantage of opportunities offered by technological development and innovations. Enhancing capacities of different stakeholder cannot be emphasized.
With a changing climate, Africa needs to be prepared with mitigation strategies, plans, policies, tools and actions that enhance resilience of our production systems and communities
The draft genome sequence of Xanthomonas species strain Nyagatare, isolated from diseased bean in Rwanda.
types: Journal ArticleThis is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in FEMS following peer review. The version of record Aritua, V., Musoni, A., Kabeja, A., Butare, L., Mukamuhirwa, F., Gahakwa, D., . . . Smith, J. (2015). The draft genome sequence of Xanthomonas species strain Nyagatare, isolated from diseased bean in Rwanda, FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2015, Vol. 362, No. 4 pp. 1-4 is available online at: http://femsle.oxfordjournals.org/content/362/4/1.1.exploreWe announce the genome sequence for Xanthomonas species strain Nyagatare, isolated from beans showing unusual disease symptoms in Rwanda. This strain represents the first sequenced genome belonging to an as-yet undescribed Xanthomonas species known as species-level clade 1. It has at least 100 kb of genomic sequence that shows little or no sequence similarity to other xanthomonads, including a unique lipopolysaccharide synthesis gene cluster. At least one genomic region appears to have been acquired from relatives of Agrobacterium or Rhizobium species. The genome encodes homologues of only three known type-three secretion system effectors: AvrBs2, XopF1 and AvrXv4. Availability of the genome sequence will facilitate development of molecular tools for detection and diagnostics for this newly discovered pathogen of beans and facilitate epidemiological investigations of a potential causal link between this pathogen and the disease outbreak.Canadian International Development AgencyBBSRC SCPRI
Pathogenicity and virulence of Ugandan isolates of common bacterial blight disease pathogen ( Xanthomonas spp.)
Breeding for resistance is a major component in the integrated
management of common bacterial disease of beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris
L.). Use of less virulent strains or strains with attenuated virulence
may lead to selection of resistant genotypes with intermediate
response, when exposed to more virulent strains of the pathogen. The
objective of this study to identify and characterise Ugandan isolates
of common bacterial blight disease-causing pathogens for virulence.
Bacteria were isolated from leaf samples collected from districts of
Kabale, Masaka, Bukomansimbi, Mubende, Mbale, Bulambuli and Apac, all
in Uganda, during the first season of 2016. The bacteria were tested
for pathogenicity, as well as virulence on both breeding and local
varieties. The study identified three most virulent isolates, namely
MBL020, KAB-3 and BUL-14, all belonging to Xathomonas citri pv
fuscans. These isolates are very similar to those previously identified
from Uganda (NCPB 670 and NCCPB 1402) more than 50 years ago. The study
further revealed that NAROBEAN1, NAROBEAN 2, NAROBEAN 4, VAX 3, VAX5
and NE 2- 14- 8 had better resistance compared to other tested
genotypes.La s\ue9lection pour la r\ue9sistance est un \ue9l\ue9ment
majeur de la gestion int\ue9gr\ue9e des maladies bact\ue9riennes
courantes des haricots ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). L\u2019utilisation
de souches moins virulentes ou de souches \ue0 virulence
att\ue9nu\ue9e peut conduire \ue0 la s\ue9lection de
g\ue9notypes r\ue9sistants \ue0 r\ue9ponse interm\ue9diaire,
lorsqu\u2019ils sont expos\ue9s \ue0 des souches plus virulentes
du pathog\ue8ne. L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude etait
d\u2019identifier et de caract\ue9riser les isolats ougandais de
pathog\ue8nes causant la maladie bact\ue9rienne commune pour la
virulence. Des bact\ue9ries ont \ue9t\ue9 isol\ue9es \ue0
partir d\u2019\ue9chantillons de feuilles pr\ue9lev\ue9s dans
les districts de Kabale, Masaka, Bukomansimbi, Mubende, Mbale,
Bulambuli et Apac, tous en Ouganda, au cours de la premi\ue8re saison
de 2016. Les bact\ue9ries ont \ue9t\ue9 test\ue9es pour leur
pathog\ue9nicit\ue9, ainsi que leur virulence \ue0 la fois pour
la reproduction et vari\ue9t\ue9s locales. L\u2019\ue9tude a
identifi\ue9 les trois isolats les plus virulents, \ue0 savoir
MBL020, KAB-3 et BUL-14, tous appartenant \ue0 Xathomonas citri pv
fuscans. Ces isolats sont tr\ue8s similaires \ue0 ceux
pr\ue9c\ue9demment identifi\ue9s en Ouganda (NCPB 670 et NCCPB
1402), il y a plus de 50 ans. L\u2019\ue9tude a en outre
r\ue9v\ue9l\ue9 que NAROBEAN1, NAROBEAN 2, NAROBEAN 4, VAX 3,
VAX5 et NE 2- 14-8 avaient une meilleure r\ue9sistance par rapport
aux autres g\ue9notypes test\ue9s
PARTNERSHIPS IN HIGHLANDS OF RWANDA UNDER INTEGRATED AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT (IAR4D) ARRANGEMENTS
The Integrated Agricultural Research for Development (IAR4D) concept
was proposed to respond to the failures of Agriculture Research and
Development (ARD) systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. The key element of
implementation and success of IAR4D was action sites called
agricultural Innovation Platform (IPs) and their counterfactual sites.
Social Network Analysis (SNA) is used to explain social relationships
and partnerships. This study explored the patterns of agricultural
partnerships among stakeholders in the highlands of Rwanda under IAR4D.
Data were collected in action sites that included Mudende, Gataraga,
Remera and Rwerere; and in their counterpart counterfactual sites that
comprised of Bigogwe, Nyange and Gacaca. Results showed that in action
sites, stakeholders were linked to different and diversified partners.
Furthermore, many stakeholders were connected to several partners
through agricultural partnerships, hence creating complex social
networks with high density and degree of distribution. In the
counterfactual sites, however, stakeholders were exclusively linked to
the same kind of partners, and one stakeholder was connected to one
partner through probably non-agricultural partnerships. These facts
demonstrated that IAR4D created dense interfaces, significantly
improved the networking system, and delivered technologies and
innovations.Le concept de Recherche Agricole Int\ue9gr\ue9e pour le
D\ue9veloppement (IAR4D) a \ue9t\ue9 propos\ue9 comme solution
aux \ue9checs des syst\ue8mes Recherches Agricoles et
D\ue9veloppement (ARD) en Afrique Sub-Saharienne.
L\u2019\ue9l\ue9ment principal de la r\ue9ussite et du
succ\ue8s d\u2019IAR4D \ue9tait l\u2019\ue9tablissement des
sites d\u2019action appel\ue9s Plateformes Agricoles
d\u2019innovation (IPs) ainsi que leurs sites t\ue9moins.
L\u2019analyse du R\ue9seau Sociale (SNA) est utilis\ue9e pour
expliquer les rapports et les relations sociaux des acteurs et des
partenaires. La pr\ue9sente \ue9tude avait pour objectif
d\u2019explorer les structures des relations socio-agricoles parmi les
acteurs et les partenaires dans les hautes altitudes du Rwanda soumises
\ue0 l\u2019IAR4D. Les donn\ue9es ont \ue9t\ue9
r\ue9colt\ue9es dans les sites d\u2019action comprenant\ua0:
Mudende, Gataraga, Remera et Rwerere ainsi que dans leurs contreparties
sites t\ue9moins incluant Bigogwe, Nyange et Gacaca. Les
r\ue9sultats ont montr\ue9 que dans les sites d\u2019action, les
acteurs \ue9taient associ\ue9s aux partenaires de natures
diff\ue9rentes et un acteur \ue9tait li\ue9 \ue0 plusieurs
partenaires a la fois. Dans les sites t\ue9moins par contre, les
acteurs \ue9taient li\ue9s aux partenaires de m\ueames natures
que ceux-ci et un acteur \ue9tait rarement li\ue9 \ue0 plus de
deux partenaires. Ces faits ont montr\ue9 que l\u2019IAR4D a
cr\ue9e un r\ue9seau socio-agricole tr\ue8s dense et
sophistiqu\ue9 et ainsi a consid\ue9rablement am\ue9lior\ue9 le
r\ue9seau socio-agricole. Par cons\ue9quent, l\u2019IAR4D peut
\ueatre recommand\ue9 pour le transfert the technologies and des
innovations agricoles
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