Asociaciones de foraminíferos en la bahía de Ubatuba, sureste de la costa brasileña

Live benthic foraminifera assemblages were studied in 40 surface sediment samples collected in the Ubatuba Bay (northern coast of São Paulo State) in order to investigate the relationship between the geological, physicochemical parameters and the ecological data. The area has significant contributions of terrestrial inputs from four rivers that flow into the bay. Biological data were analyzed with multivariate techniques of cluster analysis and a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was carried out for abiotic factors. The Suborder Rotaliina was dominant in the whole studied area. The result of the cluster analysis allowed us to recognize three groups of stations corresponding to three foraminifera assemblages and different environment conditions. The PCA revealed approximately the same three groups obtained with the cluster analysis. A slight increase in diversity in the outer bay was measured. The inner environment is dominated by A. tepida, evidencing local instabilities. Infaunal species are distributed in the middle region associated with mud and a high content of organic matter, while the most external region has similar percentages of epifaunal and infaunal, which indicates the higher energy condition in this portion of the bay. We also quantified the abnormal specimens that were mainly present in the inner bay, especially represented by A. tepida specimens.Fueron estudiadas las asociaciones de foraminíferos bentónicos vivos en 40 muestras de sedimento superficial colectadas en la Bahía de Ubatuba (costa noreste de São Paulo) con la intención de investigar la relación entre los parámetros geológicos, físico-químicos y los datos ecológicos. El área posee una importante contribución de origen terrestre a través de cuatro ríos que desembocan en la bahía. Los datos biológicos fueron analizados con técnicas multivariadas de análisis de agrupamiento y un Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) fue aplicado a los datos abióticos. El Suborden Rotaliina fue dominante en el área de estudio. El resultado del análisis de agrupamiento permitió reconocer tres grupos de estaciones que corresponden a tres asociaciones de foraminíferos representando las diferentes condiciones del ambiente. El ACP reveló aproximadamente los mismos tres grupos obtenidos con el análisis de agrupamiento. Fue medido un leve incremento de la diversidad hacia el exterior de la bahía. El ambiente más interno es dominado por A. tepida evidenciando la inestabilidad local. La porción media de la ensenada estuvo dominada por especies infaunales asociadas a las altas concentraciones de fango y materia orgánica, mientras que la región más externa presenta porcentajes similares de epifauna e infauna, indicando las condiciones de mayor energía prevalecientes en este sector. También fueron cuantificados los especimenes anormales los cuales estuvieron principalmente presentes en la parte más interna de la bahía representados especialmente por la especie A. tepida.

Benthic foraminiferal assemblages and morphological abnormalities in the Subaé estuarine system, Bahia - Brazil

Abstrac

Paleocene seismic facies in the continental margin of Uruguay (South America)

In this contribution seismic facies of the Paleocene sequence are characterized in offshore basins of Uruguay through the study of a 2D seismic database. Seven seismic horizons were identified, limiting six sedimentary intervals with different characteristics. Hence, the complexity of the Paleocene sequence is greater than suggested by other studies. Seismic facies located in the basis of the sequence can be interpreted as sandy deposits related to the action of both turbidity and bottom currents. The identification of these deposits agrees with the expected Cretaceous source rocks, in addition to the importance of the overlying Paleocene shales as a regional seal. The results of this work open interesting exploratory perspectives in the continental margin of Uruguay

The Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: present and past marine sedimentation

Marine Geology is one of the most recently developed branches of the geological sciences, which began to actively evolve after the mid XX century when the “modern” research techniques for obtaining really trustworthy data from the ocean floor and subbottom appeared, such as high resolution bathymetry, seismic, sea-bottom profilers, submarine photography and sea-floor sampling. In the Southwestern Atlantic continental margin the first great impulse occurred in the 1950´s and 1960´s by the agreement achieved between the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) of the Columbia University (USA) and the Argentina Hydrographic Survey (SHN). It was a pioneering work at a global scale as it represented a leading case for developing marine seismic technologies at sea useful for understanding the major oceanic sedimentary processes and the subbottom structure (e.g., Ahrens et al., 1971). Also in the 1960’s, another major agreement between CONICET (Argentina) and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (USA) allowed the acquisition by the Argentine government of the former research vessel Atlantis (later named, under Argentine flag, as “El Austral” and presently “Dr. Bernardo Houssay”), which was the first ship specifically built for oceanographic research and one of the most famous and internationally recognized because of its contribution to the knowledge of the ocean floors between 1939 and the latest 1950´s, including the findings that initially supported the continental drift´s theory. Following that, several national initiatives helped to advance in the development of marine geological sciences in the region. Among the most important we can mention: the REMAC Project in Brazil in the 1960’s and 1970’s -that allowed the participation of several Brazilian universities as well as North American research institutions-, the agreement between the SHN and the Uruguayan Oceanographic, Hydrographic and Meteorological Survey (SOHMA) in the 1970 ´s and 1980´s under the framework of the Administrative Commission for the Río de la Plata (CARP), the agreement between SOHMA and the Rio Grande do Sul University (URGS, Brazil) in the 1980´s and 1990´s, and the Projects MARGEN in Argentina and REVIZEE in Brazil - that began in the 1980´s-. The highly significant results that arose from those agreements and national projects impulsed the Argentina-Brazil-Uruguay geological communities to focus on the importance of deeply studying the ocean environments in the region and the needs to organize working teams aimed at developing research programs on the subject

Diatoms, protein and carbohydrate sediment content as proxies for coastal eutrophication in Montevideo, Rio de la Plata Estuary, Uruguay

Foi realizado um estudo da salinidade e da composição das diatomáceas presentes no sedimento superficial em relação ao conteúdo de proteínas/carboidratos na Baía de Montevidéu e região costeira adjacente. Foram obtidas amostras sazonalmente durante um ano ao longo de um gradiente de impacto ambiental humano, e as condições tróficas foram determinadas através da análise da composição bioquímica da matéria orgânica do sedimento superficial. A coocorrência de espécies de diatomáceas marinhas-salobras, (Actinocyclus curvatulus, Actinocyclus gallicus, Coscinodiscus excentricus, Coscinodiscus radiatus, Hyalodiscus subtilis, Paralia sulcata) e diatomáceas indicadoras de águas doces (Aulacoseira granulata, Aulacoseira italica, Aulacoseira muzzanensis, Actinocyclus normanii, Amphora copulata, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Nitzschia linearis) sugerem condições mixohalinas estuarinas na área de estudo. As estações amostradas dentro da baía, próximas às fontes contaminadoras, apresentam condições hipertróficas apontadas pelos maiores valores de proteínas e pela alta abundância relativa de Actinocyclus normanii e Cyclotella meneghiniana, sendo que ambas espécies são consideradas cosmopolitas e indicadoras de degradação aquática. As concentrações de proteínas e carboidratos, bem como os pigmentos fotossintéticos registrados na região costeira adjacente sugerem condições meso-eutróficas e uma diluição dos níveis de contaminação do interior da baía rumo à região externa. A análise multivariada entre espécies de diatomáceas e parâmetros ambientais indica que o gradiente trófico possui hierarquicamente maior peso que a salinidade na explicação da distribuição das diatomáceas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram um aperfeiçoamento na habilidade de determinar a contaminação orgânica dentro da área de estudo, já que pela primeira vez tanto as variáveis orgânicas quanto os biopolímeros foram introduzidos como ferramenta para a determinação da relação degradação/saúde de uma das mais populosas regiões do Río de la Plata.A study on sediment surface diatom composition in relation to both protein/carbohydrate content and salinity was carried out in Montevideo Bay and the adjacent coastal zone. Samples were seasonally taken during one year along a human impact gradient, and the trophic conditions were assessed from the biochemical composition of the surface sediment organic matter. The co-occurrence of the marine-brackish (Actinocyclus curvatulus, Actinocyclus gallicus, Coscinodiscus excentricus, Coscinodiscus radiatus, Hyalodiscus subtilis, Paralia sulcata) and freshwater diatom flora (Aulacoseira granulata, Aulacoseira italica, Aulacoseira muzzanensis, Actinocyclus normanii, Amphora copulata, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Nitzschia linearis), suggests myxohaline estuarine conditions in the study area. The sampling stations located within the bay, close to several contamination sources, exhibited hypertrophic conditions as indicated by the highest levels of protein content, but also by the high relative abundances of Actinocyclus normanii and Cyclotella meneghiniana, as both diatom species are very well established cosmopolitan proxies of aquatic degradation. The levels of both protein and carbohydrate content, but also photosynthetic pigments, recorded in the adjacent coastal zone suggest meso-eutrophic conditions as contamination levels from the inner bay might become diluted off shore. Multivariate diatom species-environmental data relationships, indicate that the trophic gradient is hierarchically more important than salinity in explaining the diatom distribution. The present data imply an improvement in our ability of assessing organic contamination in the study area, since both biological and biopolymer variables were introduced for the first time as a tool for assessing the benthic health/degradation in one of the most populated regions of the Río de la Plata

Estudio de foraminífiros bentónicos en escala mensual en una bahía subtropical moderadamente afectada por efluentes urbanos

Benthic foraminifera were sampled monthly during a one-year period in order to examine their biological response to the environmental factors in the Ubatuba Bay (northern coast of São Paulo State, Brazil). The area is a popular tourist destination with a population that varies during the year, as does the untreated sewage carried into the bay by the rivers. Four sites were analysed. Each station is near one of the rivers that discharge into the bay. Biological data were analysed with multivariate and univariate techniques. The influence of the abiotic parameters on the foraminiferal fauna was inferred through statistical methods and time correlation functions. Geochemical and populational parameter differences allowed the sites to be separated into two groups according to their stress conditions. One group was dominated by Ammonia tepida—a herbivore species—and showed higher densities indicating a more productive and less contaminated location. The other one was dominated by Buliminella elegantissima—a detritivore species. Species diversity did not seem to be a good indicator of environmental health in this area due to the low densities and the high dominance of few species. Nevertheless, density and richness were used as evidence of local productivity and environmental conditions. Quasi-azoic moments related to the high degree of contamination were observed. Anthropogenic effects were stronger in the austral summer period, when sewage input through the rivers increases due to mass tourism.Fueron analizados foraminíferos bentónicos en cuatro estaciones muestreadas mensualmente con la intención de investigar la respuesta biológica a los factores ambientales en la Ensenada de Ubatuba (costa noreste de São Paulo, Brasil). El área es un importante local turístico cuya población fluctúa a través del año y recibe efluentes no tratados a través de los ríos que en ella desembocan. Fueron analizados cuatro locales. Cada estación se encuentra localizada próxima a uno de los cuatro ríos que desembocan en la bahía. Los datos biológicos fueron analizados con técnicas uni y multivariadas. La influencia de los parámetros abióticos sobre la fauna de foraminíferos fue inferida a través de métodos estadísticos y de funciones de correlación temporal. Parámetros geoquímicas y poblacionales permitieron distinguir dos grupos de estaciones que reflejan las condiciones de estrés local. Uno de los grupos estuvo dominado por Ammonia tepida –especie herbívora– y se mostró más productivo y menos contaminado. El otro local estuvo dominado por Buliminella elegantísima –especie detritívora. La diversidad especifica no se mostró un buen indicador de la salud ambiental en esta región debido a las bajas densidades y a la alta dominancia de unas pocas especies. Sin embargo, la densidad y riqueza pudieron ser utilizadas como evidencias de la productividad local y condiciones ambientales. Fueron observados momentos casi azoicos relacionados con el alto grado de contaminación. Los efectos antropogénicos fueron mayores durante el período de verano austral, cuando la entrada de deshechos domésticos a través de los ríos aumenta como consecuencia del incremento del turismo

Sedimentary processes in the head of the Cabo Polonio mega slide canyon (southwestern Atlantic margin off Uruguay)

The Southwestern Atlantic margin is characterized by several canyon systems incised on a huge contourite depositional system associated with the interaction of strong Antarctic water masses with the seafloor. So far, however, only one mega slide canyon (Cabo Polonio) has been described in the Uruguayan continental slope. In this work, sedimentary processes dominating the head of this mega slide canyon are described and interpreted based on the analysis of the composition (texture and fossils) and distribution of widespread gravel along its head and thalweg. This information is integrated with acoustic (multibeam and seismic) and hydrological data. Results suggest that the evolution of the head of the canyon presents retrogressive erosion related to debris and turbidity flows. This erosion is ongoing and/or has been active during the recent past and contourite deposits are involved in headwall erosion. The pathway of gravel along the canyon and the thalweg was reconstructed. The strong flow of the South Atlantic Central Water, and its interaction with the Antarctic Intermediate Water, dominates the modern hydrology, promoting highly energetic conditions enhancing headwall erosion. This work contributes to a better understanding of the sedimentary processes connected to an mega slide canyon in the upper slope off Uruguay and located in the northernmost distribution of the South Atlantic Contourite Depositional System

The imprint of the geological inheritage and present dynamics on uruguayan inner shelf sediments (south-western Atlantic)

The Uruguayan continental shelf is characterised by a unique hydrographic system, composed of the Río de la Plata buoyant plume (RdlP-BP), and by water masses of contrasting thermohaline characteristics. Below the RdlP-BP the southward-flowing Subtropical Shelf Water and the northward-flowing Subantarctic Shelf Water converge at the Subtropical Shelf Front, which is the shelf extension of the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence. Three main sedimentary environments can be described associated with; I) “Atlantic coastal sands” (i.e. onshore from the palaeovalley); II) the SW-NE running “RdlP palaeovalley” and; III) “Relict sands” (i.e., offshore of the RdlP palaeovalley). Three exposed sedimentary units (U1 to U3) identified from acoustic profiles and sediment cores (sedimentary characteristics of stratigraphic units) almost entirely restricted to the palaeovalley. The transect here studied intersects these three environments contributing thus with the description of the morphological setting and sedimentary coverture. Physical and geochemical data were integrated and used to characterise the sedimentary facies previously described in the inner shelf and to understand environmental control on the development of these facies. Sediments from U1 show the terrestrial imprint of the RdlP and drier regional conditions, while sediments that characterised U3 indicate a sandy facies (quartz and bioclasts: whole and fragmented shells and polychaetes tubes) corresponding to an ancient coast. This last (with approximately 11 m height), is probably related to sea-level stabilization, between 20 and 25 m occurring during the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene for the South-Western Atlantic. The sediment from U3 reflects the colder and drier conditions prevailing in the region during the formation of this facies (13.7 and 9.7 cal ka BP). Eroded sediments (e.g., from U3; ancient coast) are deposited inside the palaeovalley and on the onshore region (between the palaeovalley and coastal sands). Also, U1 extends from the palaeovalley covering the onshore region. The outcrop of warmer oceanic shelf waters was probably a consequence of the geomorphology of the palaeovalley (edge of the palaeovalley) and related to the still fall presence of waters typical of the austral warm season when higher advection of Brazil Current occurs over the shelf. In this regard, the mound-like feature should induce bottom water to rise, operating as a ramp. Productivity proxies (Si/Ti, Ba/Ti, Ca/Ti and P/Ti) present the highest values in these stations (S16-S18), reflecting the imprint of the upwelling in the sediment. The information reported in this work is particularly important to better understand sedimentological dynamics in the Uruguayan inner shelf and the Southwestern Atlantic region. It is also important for elaborating more precise paleoenvironmental and palaeoceanographic reconstructions