Визначення напрямків аудиторської перевірки запасів підприємств текстильної промисловості

At about 20 % of total GHG emissions, land use, land use change and the forestry (LULUCF) sectors contribute significantly to global green house gas (GHG) emissions. This percentage may be significantly higher in countries with huge forest resources, like Indonesia. In Indonesia, forests are increasingly converted to satisfy the growing demand for commercial agricultural products, most notably oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), not only for food but also for biofuels. Although forest losses caused by oil palm expansion are considered to be one of major contributors to land use change (LUC), oil palm expansion has less visible additional indirect effects in accelerating forest transformation. These are hardly studied, as they require an in depth knowledge and understanding of socio-economic changes caused by oil palm expansion at the grass-root level, the household level. These complex indirect effects receive no or only scant attention. This is striking to note, since they may become a major cause of forest conversion in the (near) future. Oil palm production leads to complex population redistribution. Local people are displaced not only by large scale investors, but also sold out by in-migrants. Large numbers of migrants are entering the Indonesia oil palm producing regions, hoping to benefit from the economic opportunities oil palm plantations provide. The search for arable land by a fast growing population puts increasing pressure on remaining (protected) forest areas, when they start investing in land for small scale oil palm plantations. Many of the remaining areas consist of peatlands. GHG emissions are therefore expected to rise tremendously. Analyzing these indirect socio-economic land use effects associated with oil palm expansion is therefore urgently required and is the main objective of this chapter

Agriculture Beyond Food: Experiences from Indonesia

The ABF programme addresses one of today’s major societal challenges, how to achieve a sustainable and inclusive biobased economy, with high-level scientific research on the thin lines between food and non-food, commodities and waste products, livelihood opportunities and risks, and local and global economy. This book provides insights into the main issues and key questions relating to the biobased economy, reflects on the objectives of the ABF programme, and offers policy recommendations. It summarises the projects conducted within the three major clusters at the heart of the programme: migration and forest transformation, breakthroughs in biofuel production technology, and the commoditisation of an alternative biofuel crop. The book ends with a number of lessons learned from the ABF programme on interdisciplinary programming

Livelihood dynamics, the Economic crisis and coping mechanisms in Kerinci District, Sumatra

In spite of episodes of severe stress, rural areas in Indonesia have always shown resilience by absorbing redundant labor, as well as new entrants to the labor force. Processes of shared poverty and specific redistributive mechanisms levelled out shortages and surpluses in times of severe livelihood stress (Geertz 1963; O’Malley 1977; Lont & White 2002; Touwen 2000). There is much evidence, however, that decades of agricultural commercialization have altered these functions of rural areas, as notions of shared poverty and other safety net functions appear to have gradually fallen into disuse (Missen 1970; Kahn 1980; Hinderink & Sterkenburg 1987). The mainly redistributive mechanisms underlying or dominating livelihoods based on a subsistence-oriented system of wet rice cultivation have been transformed into more individualized and adapted forms of resilience

Resource Management under Stressed Livelihood Conditions : Changing livelihoods and management practices in the bufferzone of the Kerinci Seblat National Park, Kerinci District, Sumatra

Poverty reduction in and around tropical forests and the reduction in speed at which natural tropical forests recede or become degraded, rank highly on the global agenda of sustainable development. The potentials of farmer-developed systems of sustainable forest management and agro-ecosystems, such as agroforests are getting increased attention in the global debate on potentials to merge conservation aims with poverty-reduction. Being mainly pre-occupied with conservation, the debate tends to overlook that rural livelihoods are no longer exclusively founded on agriculture and forest management With an increased integration into wider global networks, supra-local stresses and shocks are affecting the resilience and sustainability of livelihoods in the forest margins in different and not necessarily sustainable ways. It is against this background and at various levels that this study explores the nature and links between the construction of resilient and possibly sustainable types of rural livelihood and the major resource use systems among several communities in the bufferzones of the Kerinci Seblat National Park in Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. The complexity of these issues and the importance of not just global, but also local dynamics in the various resource use systems are studied during the economic crisis and its aftermath (1997-2003). Special attention is paid to the way agroforests and agroforestry systems are perceived and managed by the communities in the context of building livelihood security and increasing resilience

Resource Management under Stressed Livelihood Conditions

Changing livelihoods and management practices in the bufferzone of the Kerinci Seblat National Park, Kerinci District, Sumatr

Oil palm expansion in Riau province, Indonesia: Serving people, planet, profit?

This paper analyses the relation between the increase of global demand for biofuels and rapid oil palm expansion in Riau, Indonesia and in particular how these lead to more intensified forest conversion and put food and water security at risk

A new equation for oil palm

Never before have food, energy, and climate been so closely linked. Firstly, the world population continues to grow and will reach 9 billion by 2050. In order to feed the growing population, food production is estimated to have to increase by 70% (FAO, 2011). Although the exact amount of additional land required to meet the demands for food is unsure, the FAO estimates it will be around 70 million hectares in 2050. It is also said to be possible. However, these figures do not yet take into account the need for land necessary to satisfy the growing demand for biomass, for purposes other than food. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that land requirements for biofuel production under the IEA Alternative Policy scenario will amount to 52.8 million hectares in 2030 (IEA, 2006). Hence, competition for the remaining land base increases. Finally, the recent crisis has demonstrated that under certain conditions (high oil prices, government support) the use of crops for biofuels can expand rapidly. This is particularly the case where crops can be used for both food and fuel. The most well known crop in this respect is oil pal

Oil palm expansion in Riau province, Indonesia: Serving people, planet, profit? Background paper to the 2011/2012 European Report on Development; Confronting scarcity: Managing water, energy and land for inclusive and sustainable growth

This paper analyses the relation between the increase of global demand for biofuels and rapid oil palm expansion in Riau, Indonesia and in particular how these lead to more intensified forest conversion and put food and water security at risk