Diplomacia romana: ¿una diplomacia moderna?

Ce travail analyse les origines d’une diplomatie formelle comme étant un antécédent de ce qu’elle deviendra plus tard, c’est-à-dire une diplomatie « moderne ». En suivant le récit de Polybe et de Tite-Live, nous démontrons comment les legati romains possèdent un comportement qui est un exemple de dignitas, c’est-à-dire d’une projection de la grandeur de Rome et de ses institutions. Ce type d’exemple nous permet de distinguer en grande partie les fondements d’un style diplomatique formel, qui se projette inexorablement jusqu’à notre époque.This work analyses the origins of a formal diplomacy as an antecedent of what it was to become later, that is a « modern » diplomacy. Following Polybus’s and Livy’s narrative, we show how the Roman legati have a behaviour which is an example of dignitas, that is a projection of the greatness of Rome and her institutions. That kind of example enables us to discern to a large extent the foundations of a formal diplomatic style, which inexorably projects itself on to our own times

La diplomacia romana en la monarquía: una escuela para la diplomacia moderna

The main objective of this article is to highlight that during the Roman Monarchy the kings had already introduced major initiatives in order to maintain good relations with their neighbors. The mechanisms used, such as embassies, agreements and treaties, all protected and guaranteed by the law and the gods, allow us to distinguish diplomatic formulas that will become the foundations of the coexistence of Rome with other peoples and cultures, as well as a system for foreign relations that, in many ways, can be found in current diplomacy.Este artículo tiene como principal objetivo destacar cómo en el período de la monarquía romana ya se pueden ver importantes iniciativas de parte de los reyes, con el fin de mantener buenas relaciones con sus vecinos. Los mecanismos empleados, como las embajadas, los acuerdos y tratados, todos ellos amparados y avalados por el derecho y los dioses, nos permiten distinguir ya fórmulas de carácter diplomático, que se convertirán en las bases de la convivencia de Roma con otros pueblos y culturas, como también, en un sistema para las relaciones exteriores que, en muchos de sus aspectos, los encontramos en la diplomacia actual

preliminary trials to rear the copepod temora stylifera as food for fish larvae

AbstractCopepods represent an important natural food supply for many fish larvae but they are not commonly used in aquaculture. The aim of this project is: 1) to set up an experimental re-circulating system to breed the copepod Temora stylifera and 2) to replace Artemia salina with T. stylifera as live food for Sparus aurata larvae. The choice of this copepod species has been based on both its abundance in the Mediterranean as well as its characteristics in terms of size and nutritional value. The re-circulating system consists of a collecting water tank of 1,000 litre of capacity, a thermoregulation system, two 500 litre tanks to rear adults and two 200 litre tanks to collect nauplii. The system allows the computerised water re-circle and to concentrate and collect nauplii through their positive response to light. It can work both in a partial re-circle way, for the thermoregulation only, as well as in a total re-circle way for the water purification through mechanic and biological filters. The culture s..

Thoracic Unilateral Spinal Cord Injury After Spinal Anaesthesia for Total Hip Replacement: Fate or Mistake?

Spinal anaesthesia is the most preferred anesthesia technique for total hip replacement, and its complications range from low entity (insignificant) to life threatening. The incidence of neurologic complications after neuraxial anaesthesia is not perfectly clear, although there are several described cases of spinal cord ischaemia. We present a case of unilateral T8–T11 spinal cord ischaemia following L2–L3 spinal anaesthesia for total hip replacement. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a hyperintense T8–T11 signal alteration on the leftside of paramedian spinal cord. A temporal epidemiologic linkage between the damage and the surgery seems to be present. The injury occurred without anatomical proximity between the injury site and the spinal needle entry site. This may be due to multiple contributing factors, each of them is probably not enough to determine the damage by itself; however, acting simultaneously, they could have been responsible for the complication. The result was unpredictable and unavoidable and was caused by unforeseeable circumstances and not by inadequate medical practice

Diagnosi molecolare di sindrome di Brugada in un giovane atleta mediante il sequenziamento di un pannello multigenico con tecniche di nuova generazione

Mutations in genes driving the molecular pathways that regulate myocardial functions can predispose to many independent cardiopathies and also to sudden cardiac death (SCD) even in asymptomatic subjects. The overlapping clinical signs or symptoms or even silent phenotypes make it difficult to diagnose these diseases, therefore the risk of undiagnosed disease could be high especially in young adults and athletes, which may then incur in SCD. We describe the case of a clinical asymptomatic eight-year-old child, practicing soccer game, who underwent a screening medical examination to undertake the path of an increasing physical activity to become a competitive athlete, where abnormal signs at ECG indicated a suspicion of an arrhythmogenic heart disease. Molecular screening analysis, to discriminate among the various predisposing gene alterations, was performed using a 75 gene-panel for arrhythmias customized in our laboratory. The child resulted carrier of a loss-of-function mutation in the SCN5A gene (c.1126C>T). About 25% of Brugada patients carry mutations in this gene coding for the cardiac sodium channel. The loss-of-function mutations in SCN5A gene induce alterations of sodium ion conduction in cardiomyocytes, compatible with the Brugada Syndrome. This case report highlights the importance of the implementation of a rapid, sensitive and wide molecular screening to shed light on possible genetic alterations present also in asymptomatic athletes with negative family history, which may often remain undiagnosed, thus exposed to high risk of sudden death

Piecewise smooth systems near a co-dimension 2 discontinuity manifold: can one say what should happen?

We consider a piecewise smooth system in the neighborhood of a co-dimension 2 discontinuity manifold $\Sigma$. Within the class of Filippov solutions, if $\Sigma$ is attractive, one should expect solution trajectories to slide on $\Sigma$. It is well known, however, that the classical Filippov convexification methodology is ambiguous on $\Sigma$. The situation is further complicated by the possibility that, regardless of how sliding on $\Sigma$ is taking place, during sliding motion a trajectory encounters so-called generic first order exit points, where $\Sigma$ ceases to be attractive. In this work, we attempt to understand what behavior one should expect of a solution trajectory near $\Sigma$ when $\Sigma$ is attractive, what to expect when $\Sigma$ ceases to be attractive (at least, at generic exit points), and finally we also contrast and compare the behavior of some regularizations proposed in the literature. Through analysis and experiments we will confirm some known facts, and provide some important insight: (i) when $\Sigma$ is attractive, a solution trajectory indeed does remain near $\Sigma$, viz. sliding on $\Sigma$ is an appropriate idealization (of course, in general, one cannot predict which sliding vector field should be selected); (ii) when $\Sigma$ loses attractivity (at first order exit conditions), a typical solution trajectory leaves a neighborhood of $\Sigma$; (iii) there is no obvious way to regularize the system so that the regularized trajectory will remain near $\Sigma$ as long as $\Sigma$ is attractive, and so that it will be leaving (a neighborhood of) $\Sigma$ when $\Sigma$ looses attractivity. We reach the above conclusions by considering exclusively the given piecewise smooth system, without superimposing any assumption on what kind of dynamics near $\Sigma$ (or sliding motion on $\Sigma$) should have been taking place.Comment: 19 figure

Epidemics in partially overlapped multiplex networks

Many real networks exhibit a layered structure in which links in each layer reflect the function of nodes on different environments. These multiple types of links are usually represented by a multiplex network in which each layer has a different topology. In real-world networks, however, not all nodes are present on every layer. To generate a more realistic scenario, we use a generalized multiplex network and assume that only a fraction $q$ of the nodes are shared by the layers. We develop a theoretical framework for a branching process to describe the spread of an epidemic on these partially overlapped multiplex networks. This allows us to obtain the fraction of infected individuals as a function of the effective probability that the disease will be transmitted $T$. We also theoretically determine the dependence of the epidemic threshold on the fraction $q > 0$ of shared nodes in a system composed of two layers. We find that in the limit of $q \to 0$ the threshold is dominated by the layer with the smaller isolated threshold. Although a system of two completely isolated networks is nearly indistinguishable from a system of two networks that share just a few nodes, we find that the presence of these few shared nodes causes the epidemic threshold of the isolated network with the lower propagating capacity to change discontinuously and to acquire the threshold of the other network.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figure