Surface wave modelling and simulation for wave tanks and coastal areas

For testing ships and offshore structures in hydrodynamic laboratories, the sea and ocean states should be represented as realistic as possible in the wave tanks in which the scaled experiments are executed. To support efficient testing, accurate software that determines and translates the required wave maker motion into the downstream waves is very helpful. This paper describes an efficient hybrid spatial-spectral code that can deal with simulations above flat and varying bottom. The accuracy of the code will be illustrated by presenting comparisons of simulations with experimental data for various different type of non-breaking waves, from dispersive focussing waves to irregular wave fields with freak waves; the very broad-band spectra of such waves provide the main challeng

International energy agency ocean energy systems task 10 wave energy converter modeling verification and validation

This is the first joint reference paper for the Ocean Energy Systems (OES) Task 10 Wave Energy Converter modeling verification and validation group. The group is established under the OES Energy Technology Network program under the International Energy Agency. OES was founded in 2001 and Task 10 was proposed by Bob Thresher (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) in 2015 and approved by the OES Executive Committee EXCO in 2016. The kickoff workshop took place in September 2016, wherein the initial baseline task was defined. Experience from similar offshore wind validation/verification projects (OC3-OC5 conducted within the International Energy Agency Wind Task 30) [1], [2] showed that a simple test case would help the initial cooperation to present results in a comparable way. A heaving sphere was chosen as the first test case. The team of project participants simulated different numerical experiments, such as heave decay tests and regular and irregular wave cases. The simulation results are presented and discussed in this paper.IEA-OES Task 1

The Role of Innate APOBEC3G and Adaptive AID Immune Responses in HLA-HIV/SIV Immunized SHIV Infected Macaques

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Not just a matter of size:a hospital-level risk factor analysis of MRSA bacteraemia in Scotland

Background: Worldwide, there is a wealth of literature examining patient-level risk 6 factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia. At the hospital-level it is generally accepted that MRSA bacteraemia is more common in larger hospitals. In Scotland, size does not fully explain all the observed variation among hospitals. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for the presence and rate of MRSA bacteraemia cases in Scottish mainland hospitals. Specific hypotheses regarding hospital size, type and connectivity were examined. Methods: Data from 198 mainland Scottish hospitals (defined as having at least one inpatient per year) were analysed for financial year 2007-08 using logistic regression (Model 1: presence/absence of MRSA bacteraemia) and Poisson regression (Model 2: rate of MRSA bacteraemia). The significance of risk factors representing various measures of hospital size, type and connectivity were investigated. Results: In Scotland, size was not the only significant risk factor identified for the presence and rate of MRSA bacteraemia. The probability of a hospital having at least one case of MRSA bacteraemia increased with hospital size only if the hospital exceeded a certain level of connectivity. Higher levels of MRSA bacteraemia were associated with the large, highly connected teaching hospitals with high ratios of patients to domestic staff. Conclusions: A hospital’s level of connectedness within a network may be a better measure of a hospital’s risk of MRSA bacteraemia than size. This result could be used to identify high risk hospitals which would benefit from intensified infection control measures

Relaxation of Adaptive Evolution during the HIV-1 Infection Owing to Reduction of CD4+ T Cell Counts

Background: the first stages of HIV-1 infection are essential to establish the diversity of virus population within host. It has been suggested that adaptation to host cells and antibody evasion are the leading forces driving HIV evolution at the initial stages of AIDS infection. in order to gain more insights on adaptive HIV-1 evolution, the genetic diversity was evaluated during the infection time in individuals contaminated by the same viral source in an epidemic cluster. Multiple sequences of V3 loop region of the HIV-1 were serially sampled from four individuals: comprising a single blood donor, two blood recipients, and another sexually infected by one of the blood recipients. the diversity of the viral population within each host was analyzed independently in distinct time points during HIV-1 infection.Results: Phylogenetic analysis identified multiple HIV-1 variants transmitted through blood transfusion but the establishing of new infections was initiated by a limited number of viruses. Positive selection (d(N)/d(S)>1) was detected in the viruses within each host in all time points. in the intra-host viruses of the blood donor and of one blood recipient, X4 variants appeared respectively in 1993 and 1989. in both patients X4 variants never reached high frequencies during infection time. the recipient, who X4 variants appeared, developed AIDS but kept narrow and constant immune response against HIV-1 during the infection time.Conclusion: Slowing rates of adaptive evolution and increasing diversity in HIV-1 are consequences of the CD4+ T cells depletion. the dynamic of R5 to X4 shift is not associated with the initial amplitude of humoral immune response or intensity of positive selection.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fed Univ Para, Inst Biotechnol, BR-66059 Belem, Para, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Inst Trop Med, São Paulo, SP, BrazilCDC, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Branch Lab, Atlanta, GA 30333 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Dept Lab Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USABlood Syst Res Inst, San Francisco, CA USABlood Syst Inc, San Francisco, CA USAUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 07/52841-8Web of Scienc