Neet Youth: Methods and Approaches to Learning

The article attempts to identify methods and approaches to the study of a special social group of modern society - NEET-youth. This group includes young people 15-24 years old, unemployed or economically inactive, who do not study and do not undergo vocational training or retraining. With the advent of such a group at the beginning of the 21st, developed European countries collided, as well as the USA, Japan, China, and South Korea. Currently, the number of NEET in Europe reaches 14.7% with some correlation across countries. The article shows the experience of the international diagnosis of age limits, characteristics, composition and social portrait of NEET-youth. Officially, structure NEET allocated seven groups: "returning", short-term unemployed, long-term unemployed, economically inactive due to illness and disability; economically inactive due to family responsibilities; desperate young people who have stopped their active search for a new workplace; other inactive. In terms of discussion, the author proposes to allocate the eighth group: voluntarily making a choice in favor of this variant of life. NEET is a part of a new generation of Z, nevertheless has neither material nor social opportunities for the realization of their needs. Completing the group of unemployed or choosing alternative employment practices, abandoning his studies and training, a NEET creates problems not only for themselves, but also for society. NEET-youth demonstrates features prekarnoy group because its position is unstable, unstable, and some representatives are at risk of poverty, exclusion and social exclusion.В статье предпринята попытка определить методы и подходы к изучению особой социальной группы современного общества – NEET-молодежи. К этой группе относятся молодые люди 15-24 лет, безработные или экономически неактивные, которые не учатся и не проходят профессиональную подготовку или переподготовку. С появлением такой группы в начале XXI в. столкнулись развитые европейские страны, а также США, Япония, Китай, Южная Корея. В настоящее время численность NEET в Европе достигает в 14,7% с некоторой корреляцией по странам. В статье показан опыт международной диагностики возрастных границ, особенностей, состава и социального портрета NEET-молодежи. Официально в структуре NEET выделяется семь групп: «возвращающиеся», краткосрочно безработные, длительно безработные, экономически неактивные по причине болезни и инвалидности; экономически неактивные в связи с выполнением семейных обязанностей; отчаявшиеся молодые люди, которые прекратили активные поиски нового рабочего места; прочие неактивные. В плане дискуссии автором предлагается выделить восьмую группу: добровольно сделавшие выбор в пользу данного варианта жизни. NEET является частью нового поколения Z, однако не имеет ни материальных, ни социальных возможностей для реализации своих потребностей. Пополняя группу безработных или выбирая альтернативные трудоустройству практики, отказываясь от учебы и повышения квалификации, NEET создает проблемы не только для себя, но и для общества. NEET-молодежь демонстрирует черты прекарной группы, поскольку положение ее нестабильно, неустойчиво, а отдельные представители находятся под угрозой бедности, отчуждения и социальной эксклюзии.Статья подготовлена при поддержке гранта РНФ № 18-18-00024 «Прекариат: новое явление в социально-экономической структуре общества»

Mechanism of filopodia initiation by reorganization of a dendritic network

Afilopodium protrudes by elongation of bundled actin filaments in its core. However, the mechanism of filopodia initiation remains unknown. Using live-cell imaging with GFP-tagged proteins and correlative electron microscopy, we performed a kinetic-structural analysis of filopodial initiation in B16F1 melanoma cells. Filopodial bundles arose not by a specific nucleation event, but by reorganization of the lamellipodial dendritic network analogous to fusion of established filopodia but occurring at the level of individual filaments. Subsets of independently nucleated lamellipodial filaments elongated and gradually associated with each other at their barbed ends, leading to formation of cone-shaped structures that we term Λ-precursors. An early marker of initiation was the gradual coalescence of GFP-vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (GFP-VASP) fluorescence at the leading edge into discrete foci. The GFP-VASP foci were associated with Λ-precursors, whereas Arp2/3 was not. Subsequent recruitment of fascin to the clustered barbed ends of Λ-precursors initiated filament bundling and completed formation of the nascent filopodium. We propose a convergent elongation model of filopodia initiation, stipulating that filaments within the lamellipodial dendritic network acquire privileged status by binding a set of molecules (including VASP) to their barbed ends, which protect them from capping and mediate association of barbed ends with each other

Digitalization of Higher Education During the Pandemic: Advantages and Risks

This research article presents the analysis and interpretation of the data of the authors’ study of the condition, problems and prospects of higher education digitalization at RSUH in comparison with the experience of leading foreign and Russian universities. The purpose of the article is to determine the level and features of the digitalization process of Russian higher education before, during and after the pandemic. The theoretical basis of the research is institutional and socio-cultural approaches that suggest considering the introduction of online education in the context of responding to the challenge of the formation of the digital economy and digital society. The empirical basis of the study is a survey conducted in April 2020 by the online questionnaire method, in which 327 people (representatives of the teaching staff, researchers, heads of educational departments (deans, heads of research centers), deputy heads of departments, as well as employees of deaneries, research centers and departments) took part in. Based on the generalization and interpretation of the data of the study, the authors showed that the digitalization of higher education at RSUH, as at other Russian universities, is based on the formation of an electronic information and educational environment. It appears that the evaluation of the level of access to this environment and the quality of services provided is high enough, while the effectiveness of the application needs to be improved. The introduction of electronic document management and meaningful communication with students remain the “pain points”. The causes and consequences of the impact of the pandemic on the digitalization of higher education are identified in the article. Among them: the need for new forms of student-teacher-administration communication; lack of specialized educational materials for online education; technical, methodological and psychological unpreparedness of teachers for distance education. The future belongs to mixed forms of equivalent and digital higher education. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the novelty of the comparative study of online education in Russian universities conducted by the authors (on the example of RSUH, MEPhI, NSU), as well as in the justification of the formation of hybrid (mixed) forms of higher education. Based on this study it is proposed to form a university management strategy and implement the restructuring of the educational process.В данной исследовательской статье представлены анализ и интерпретация данных проведенного авторами исследования состояния, проблем и перспектив цифровизации высшего образования в РГГУ в сравнении с опытом ведущих зарубежных и российских вузов. Цель статьи: определить уровень и особенности процесса цифровизации российского высшего образования до, в период пандемии и после нее. Теоретической основой исследования является институциональный и социокультурный подходы, предлагающие рассматривать введение онлайн-образования в контексте ответа на вызов становления цифровой экономики и цифрового общества. Эмпирическую базу составил онлайн-опрос, проведенный в апреле 2020 г. методом анкетирования, в котором приняли участие 327 человек (представители профессорско-преподавательского состава, научные сотрудники, руководители учебно-образовательных подразделений (деканы, руководители научных центров), заместители руководителей подразделений, а также сотрудники деканатов, научных центров и кафедр. На основе обобщения и интерпретации данных проведенного исследования авторы показали, что цифровизация высшего образования в РГГУ, как и в других российских вузах, идет на базе формирования электронной информационно-образовательной среды. Если оценка уровня доступа к ней и качества предоставляемых услуг достаточно высока, то эффективность применения нуждается в доработке. «Болевыми точками» остаются введение электронного документооборота и содержательная коммуникация со студентами. В статье выявлены причины и последствия влияние пандемии на цифровизацию высшего образования. Среди них – необходимость новых форм коммуникации «студент-преподаватель-администрация»; нехватка специализированных учебных материалов для онлайн-образования; техническая, методическая и психологическая неготовность преподавателей к дистанционному образованию. Будущее – за смешанными формами аналогового и цифрового высшего образования. Научная новизна статьи заключается в проведенном авторами сравнительном исследовании онлайн-образования в российских вузах (на примере РГГУ, МИФИ, НГУ), а также в обосновании становления гибридных (смешанных) форм высшего образования. На этом основании и предлагается формировать стратегию управления университетом и осуществлять перестройку учебного процесса.The authors thank all the researchers who have recently addressed the problem of changing conditions and factors affecting the technology and quality of higher education during the pandemic. In the works of these researchers the authors of the article have found authoritative support and support for their conclusions and recommendations.Авторы благодарят всех исследователей, которые в последнее время обратились к проблеме изменения условий и факторов, влияющих на технологию и качество высшего образования в период пандемии. В работах этих исследователей авторы статьи нашли авторитетную поддержку и опору для своих выводов и рекомендаций

Atypical Goodpasture’s disease: a clinical case report and literature review

Goodpasture’s disease (anti-GBM disease) is a rare small vessels vasculitis characterized by the presence of autoantibodies directed against the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and alveolar basement membrane. Common feature of anti-GBM disease is a combination of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and alveolar hemorrhage (pulmonary-renal syndrome). We present a case of atypical disease course in a young male patient who developed alveolar hemorrhage without renal failure. The only symptom of renal involvement was isolated hematuria. Plasmapheresis combined with immunosuppression (cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids) was effective. We present a review of state-of-art data on the pathogenesis and disease course of anti-GBM disease

Risk Factors of Severe Disease and Methods for Clinical Outcome Prediction in Patients with COVID-19 (Review)

Large population studies using statistical analysis and mathematical computer modeling could be an effective tool in studying COVID-19. The use of prognostic scales developed using correlation of changes in clinical and laboratory parameters and morphological data, can help in early prediction of disease progression and identification of patients with high risk of unfavorable outcome.Aim of the review. To assess the risk factors for severe course and unfavorable outcome of COVID-19 and to evaluate the existing tools for predicting the course and outcome of the novel coronavirus infection. PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar were searched for the relevant sources. This review contains information on existing tools for assessing the prognosis and outcome of the disease, along with the brief data on the etiology, pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus infection and the known epidemiological, clinical and laboratory factors affecting its course.Conclusion. It is essential to develop predictive models tailored to specific settings and capable of continuous monitoring of the situation and making the necessary adjustments. The discovery of new and more sensitive early markers and developing marker-based predictive assessment tools could significantly impact improving the outcomes of COVID-19

Факторы риска и методы прогнозирования клинического исхода COVID-19 (обзор)

Large population studies using statistical analysis and mathematical computer modeling could be an effective tool in studying COVID-19. The use of prognostic scales developed using correlation of changes in clinical and laboratory parameters and morphological data, can help in early prediction of disease progression and identification of patients with high risk of unfavorable outcome.Aim of the review. To assess the risk factors for severe course and unfavorable outcome of COVID-19 and to evaluate the existing tools for predicting the course and outcome of the novel coronavirus infection. PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar were searched for the relevant sources. This review contains information on existing tools for assessing the prognosis and outcome of the disease, along with the brief data on the etiology, pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus infection and the known epidemiological, clinical and laboratory factors affecting its course.Conclusion. It is essential to develop predictive models tailored to specific settings and capable of continuous monitoring of the situation and making the necessary adjustments. The discovery of new and more sensitive early markers and developing marker-based predictive assessment tools could significantly impact improving the outcomes of COVID-19.Одним из эффективных инструментов изучения COVID-19 является исследование больших популяций пациентов и выделение факторов, влияющих на течение и прогноз, с помощью различных методов статистического анализа и математического компьютерного моделирования. Применение прогностических шкал, разработанных на основании сопоставления динамики клинических и лабораторных показателей с морфологическими данными, может помочь в своевременной оценке возможных вариантов течения заболевания и выделении больных группы высокого риска неблагоприятного исхода.Цель обзора. Оценить факторы риска тяжелого течения и неблагоприятного исхода COVID-19, существующие инструменты прогнозирования течения и исхода новой короновирусной инфекции. Поиск источников осуществляли в базах данных PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar. Данный литературный обзор наряду с краткими данными об этиологии, патогенезе COVID-19 и об известных эпидемиологических, клинических и лабораторных факторах, влияющих на ее течение, содержит информацию о существующих инструментах оценки прогноза течения и исхода заболевания.Заключение. Необходима разработка прогностических моделей, созданных под конкретные условия с возможностью постоянного мониторинга ситуации и внесения корректировок при необходимости. Обнаружение новых более чувствительных на ранних этапах заболевания маркеров и разработка на их основе инструментов оценки прогноза могло бы значительно улучшить исходы COVID-19

Primary carbonatite melt from deeply subducted oceanic crust

Partial melting in the Earth's mantle plays an important part in generating the geochemical and isotopic diversity observed in volcanic rocks at the surface. Identifying the composition of these primary melts in the mantle is crucial for establishing links between mantle geochemical 'reservoirs' and fundamental geodynamic processes. Mineral inclusions in natural diamonds have provided a unique window into such deep mantle processes. Here we provide experimental and geochemical evidence that silicate mineral inclusions in diamonds from Juina, Brazil, crystallized from primary and evolved carbonatite melts in the mantle transition zone and deep upper mantle. The incompatible trace element abundances calculated for a melt coexisting with a calcium-titanium-silicate perovskite inclusion indicate deep melting of carbonated oceanic crust, probably at transition-zone depths. Further to perovskite, calcic-majorite garnet inclusions record crystallization in the deep upper mantle from an evolved melt that closely resembles estimates of primitive carbonatite on the basis of volcanic rocks. Small-degree melts of subducted crust can be viewed as agents of chemical mass-transfer in the upper mantle and transition zone, leaving a chemical imprint of ocean crust that can possibly endure for billions of years.4 page(s

The Second Transmembrane Domain of P2X7 Contributes to Dilated Pore Formation

Activation of the purinergic receptor P2X7 leads to the cellular permeability of low molecular weight cations. To determine which domains of P2X7 are necessary for this permeability, we exchanged either the C-terminus or portions of the second transmembrane domain (TM2) with those in P2X1 or P2X4. Replacement of the C-terminus of P2X7 with either P2X1 or P2X4 prevented surface expression of the chimeric receptor. Similarly, chimeric P2X7 containing TM2 from P2X1 or P2X4 had reduced surface expression and no permeability to cationic dyes. Exchanging the N-terminal 10 residues or C-terminal 14 residues of the P2X7 TM2 with the corresponding region of P2X1 TM2 partially restored surface expression and limited pore permeability. To further probe TM2 structure, we replaced single residues in P2X7 TM2 with those in P2X1 or P2X4. We identified multiple substitutions that drastically changed pore permeability without altering surface expression. Three substitutions (Q332P, Y336T, and Y343L) individually reduced pore formation as indicated by decreased dye uptake and also reduced membrane blebbing in response to ATP exposure. Three others substitutions, V335T, S342G, and S342A each enhanced dye uptake, membrane blebbing and cell death. Our results demonstrate a critical role for the TM2 domain of P2X7 in receptor function, and provide a structural basis for differences between purinergic receptors. © 2013 Sun et al