HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC ESTIMATION METHOD FOR TRANSDERMAL DIFFUSION STUDY OF GRANISETRON

Objective: The study is aimed to develop a simple, isocratic and sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of granisetron during transdermal permeation studies through porcine ear epithelium. Methods: A reversed-phase (C18) column was used with ultraviolet detection at 210 nm. Selected mobile phase contained 25% (v/v) of acetonitrile and 75% (v/v) of 0.25 mM potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate solution pH adjusted to 3.0 using 1% orthophosphoric acid solution. Results: Calibration curve showed good linearity over 0.1–30 μg/mL concentration range of porcine ear permeates in 80% ethanol and 20% water (blank permeates). The applicability of the method was demonstrated by the analysis of diffusion study samples of granisetron through porcine ear epithelium and the steady-state permeability flux (J) from ethanolic solution was found to be 4.707 µg/square cm/h. Conclusion: The developed method can be used in the analysis of diffusion study samples of granisetron transdermal formulations through the porcine ear epithelium

Analisis Tingkat Pertumbuhan Perumahan (Studi Kasus : Kecamatan Natar dan Kecamatan Jati Agung)

Population growth and new activity center development give impact on enhancement of residential demand. That demand always improves without be accompanied land availability and that can impact urban sprawl. The research locations are Natar and Jati Agung Sub-district which are designated as urban housing area, located on the outskirts of Bandar Lampung City. Activities will encourage the growth of demand of the private residential property thus this also encourage the building of residential area. The purpose of the research is to identify residential growth rate in the research locations. The research is conducted by using deductive approach. Data is collected by observation, interview, and literature review. Data is analyzed by using spatial analysis methods, nearest neighbor analysis, qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The result of research explains that the highest residential growth rate in Natar Sub-district is 109.44% in 2017 and in Jati Agung Sub-district is 110.50% in 2019. Cluster residential pattern in Natar Sub-district with distribution index value (T) is 0.760346 tends to grow on the primary arterial road. While the same pattern shown in Jati Agung Sub-district with the distribution index value (T) is 0.817923 and tends to grow among new activities center in the South of Jati Agung Sub-district

Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA Expression Patterns in Sputum Bacteria Indicate Secreted Esx Factors Contributing to Growth are Highly Expressed in Active Disease

To identify factors contributing to the ability of tubercle bacilli to grow in the lung during active infection, we analyzed RNA expression patterns in bacteria present in patient sputum. Prominent among bacterial transcripts identified were those encoding secreted peptides of the Esat-6 subfamily that includes EsxK and EsxL (Rv1197 and Rv1198). H37Rv esxKL and esxJI transcripts were differentially expressed under different growth conditions, and disruption of these genes altered growth phase kinetics in typical laboratory batch broth cultures. These growth defects, including the reduced intracellular growth of an ΔesxKL mutant in primary human macrophages, were reversed by either low multiplicity co-infection or co-culture with wild-type bacteria, demonstrating the ability of the secreted factors to rescue isogenic mutants. Complementing either only esxL or esxI alone (Rv1198 or Rv1037c) also reduced observed growth defects, indicating these genes encode factors capable of contributing to growth. Our studies indicate that the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mtb9.9 family secreted factors EsxL and EsxI can act in trans to modulate growth of intracellular bacteria, and are highly expressed during active human lung infection

Karakterisasi Durian (Durio zibenthinus) Ngrambe di Jawa Timur, Indonesia

Durian is a tropical plant which can easily be found in South East Asia country such as Indonesian. Ngrambe village which it is located on Ngawi regency is one of central durian in East of Java. This research aimed to obtain data related to quantity and variety of superior local durian based on the morphological character. This study was conducted at Giriharjo, Ngrambe, Ngawi from October 2015 to January 2016. Based on the field survey, it was found that there are 60 varieties consist of 36 local durians, 9 superior released durians, and 15 introduction durians. By selection process among 60 varieties durian, there was found that 6 of local durians was potential as a superior character to be released as new superior variety. The varieties are local Tugini, local Kasmadi 1, local Kasmadi 2, local 13, local Wasis and local Miyem

Characterization of Uinta Basin oil sand bitumens

Results of the analyses of the saturate and monoaromatic fractions of four Uinta Basin bitumens (southwest Whiterocks, northwest Whiterocks, Asphalt Ridge and Sunnyside) are presented in this paper. After separating the bitumen samples into several fractions using solvent extraction and elution chromatography, peak-by-peak analysis was performed on the saturate and monoaromatic fractions using GC-MS. The saturated compounds were predominantly polycyclic naphthenes, while the monoaromatics were mostly naphthenoaromatics. Samples from all of the deposits contained a significant number of compounds in the carbon-number range C[sub 27]--C[sub 30] due to the presence of steranes and hopanes. Carbon number and Z-number distributions were produced using sorting and quantitation procedures developed in this project. Although the four samples were believed to be of common origin and maturity, significant differences in carbon-number distributions and chemical-type distributions were shown to exist. Even two samples from the same deposit (Whiterocks) exhibited significant differences. Relative abundances of steranes and of hopanes with a carbon number greater than C[sub 30] were used as measures of the relative degree of biodegradation of the samples. It was found that biodegradation increased as follows: southwest Whiterocks < northwest Whiterocks < Asphalt Ridge < Sunnyside

Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serotype Paratyphi A Gene Expression in the Blood of Bacteremic Patients in Bangladesh

Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A is a significant and emerging global public health problem and accounts for one fifth of all cases of enteric fever in many areas of Asia. S. Paratyphi A only infects humans, and the lack of an appropriate animal model has limited the study of S. Paratyphi A infection. In this study, we report the application of an RNA analysis method, Selective Capture of Transcribed Sequences (SCOTS), to evaluate which S. Paratyphi A genes are expressed directly in the blood of infected humans. Our results provide insight into the bacterial adaptations and modifications that S. Paratyphi A may need to survive within infected humans and suggest that similar approaches may be applied to other pathogens in infected humans and animals